Tutankhamun’s Tomb, Egypt

Ancient History Preliminary Assessment Task 2013 TRANSCRIPT: TUTANKHAMUN’S TOMB, EGYPT When archaeologist Howard Carter discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922, he remarked that it was â€Å"the day of days, the most wonderful that I have ever lived through, and certainly one whose like I can never hope to see again. † On that November day, not only had this man uncovered an unknown ancient Egyptian tomb, but one that had lain nearly undisturbed for over 3000 years whose remains laying within astounded the world.Previous excavations in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt by Theodore Davis had found and cleared the tombs of Tutankhamun’s family and their possessions. By 1913, Davis had not yet found an intact royal tomb and became disillusioned, finally declaring the area exhausted of By 1920, the tomb of nearly every New Kingdom king from between 1550 and 1070 BCE had been found in the Valley of the Kings, but Tutankhamun’s remained missing. Lord Carnarvon , an English aristocrat who was enthusiastic about Egyptology, applied for and purchased the license Davis gave up and chose Howard Carter, a British Egyptologist, to continue the search.Minor finds by Davis bearing Tutankhamun’s name led Carter to believe the king was still somewhere in the valley and felt the finds justified a further exploration. Between 1917 and 1921 the two worked in the eastern valley without success. Carter convinced Carnarvon to persist for another season, determined to find Tutankhamun. Carter’s team cleared bedrock using the grid system of archaeological excavation. This technique was developed in WWI for the purpose of maintaining a system that ensured stratigraphic control of excavations in trench digging and artillery barrages.Using these methods, on November 1st 1922 a staircase was uncovered in the limestone cliffs of the Valley of the Kings. The entrance door, which had a dry limestone blocking plastered with gypsum, was later uncovered to reveal Tutankhamun’s name. The entrance they excavated then led to an eight-metre-long corridor that revealed evidence of past robberies. Four small rooms flowed from the entrance and corridor, including an Antechamber, Annexe, Burial Chamber and Treasury. On November 6, Lord Carnarvon was summoned by telegraph and arrived with his daughter, Lady Evelyn Herbert, to watch the excavation process unfold.Compared to tombs of other pharaohs of the time, Tutankhamun’s tomb was small and lacked some of the more elaborate features – for example, tomb paintings and decoration were only found in the Burial Chamber room rather than all rooms. Due to Tutankhamun’s early death, a lack of time was left to prepare his tomb. One of the most remarkable divisions of Tutankhamun’s tomb was that he was the only pharaoh to have been discovered intact in his tomb with the complete burial furniture and possessions surrounding. These objects included gilded statues of Tutankhamun, gods, and family members,.Objects from the king’s daily life were also present such as clothes, furniture and sceptres. Funerary goods such as canopic jars containing the king’s entrails and hundreds of shabtis (which were small statues of people, intended to serve as slaves in the afterlife) were found, along with more personal items. Two miniature coffins containing mummies of stillborn babies were placed beside Tutankhamun’s sarcophagus. These were likely to have been his children by his half-sister and wife, Ankhsenamun, whom he married around the age of ten. It took Carter the most part of ten years to empty all the chambers.This was due to difficulties from a sudden change in protocol and access privileges from both British and Egyptian governments, affecting the excavation on the site and delaying the whole process. It was also due to the meticulous process Carter took in his excavation – each object was recorded, catalogued, describe d, and photographed in situ, before being preserved and conserved, then finally packed and transported to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The main archaeological find of the tomb however, was King Tutankhamun himself. Inside the burial chamber were four gilded shrines, one inside the other.The innermost shrine held a quartzite sarcophagus which in turn held three coffins. The innermost coffin made of solid gold contained the mummy of Tutankhamun, wrapped in linen and wearing his famous gold plated mask, inlaid with blue glaze and inscribed with religious spells. Although the body was found to be poorly preserved, Tutankhamun was notable for being the only Egyptian pharaoh found in situ, intact and unsealed since ancient times in his tomb. In 1925 the body was removed from the coffins with difficulty, due to the abundance of resin that had been poured over the mummy at the funeral.Carter and his team were forced to cut the body in order to remove it from the coffin. Four sessions of sc ientific analysis were conducted on Tutankhamun’s body over the years. These proved to ablaze many controversial issues and interpretations over Tutankhamun’s cause of death. The first inquiry was an autopsy which began after Carter’s excavation in 1925, carried out by Douglas E. Derry, a Professor of Anatomy at the Egyptian University in Cairo. Derry found Tutankhamun to have a fracture in his lower left thighbone, a large, ragged embalming wound, and estimated his age of death to be between 18 and 22 years.He also reconfirmed the body’s poor preservation, noting that the inner layers of linen were reduced to the ‘consistency of soot’, that an overload of resin destroyed the corpse, and that the nose was heavily flattened by the bandages. The second scientific analysis of the body was conducted by R. G. Harrison in 1968. With an x-ray the team concluded that two bone fragments in the skull and haemorrhaging may have been caused by a blow to the head, and that the body was missing a sternum and some frontal rib bones. This caused speculations about Tutankhamun’s death, some suggesting murder and others suggesting a fatal chariot accident.Examiners also noted that the spine showed signs of scoliosis. A further x-ray and blood analysis in 1978 was led by James E. Harris. It wrongly concluded that the king was perhaps 23 to 27 years old at death. A blood analysis supported the idea that Tutankhamun was related to the body of Akhenaten found in another tomb in the Valley of the Kings – suggesting it was Tutankhamun’s father. A final CT scan in 2005 was conducted to test the conclusions of previous inquiries and to look for additional details still undiscovered.Led by Dr Zahi Hawass, the scan confirmed the previous findings of the king’s height, health, general features and age of death at around 18-19 years. It also disproved the theory of scoliosis, relating the curvature of his spine instead th e way his body was arranged by the embalmers. 8MINSThe theory of murder by head trauma and death relating to the missing ribs was also ruled out and blamed on embalmers and/or Carter’s team, The leg trauma found in Tutankhamun’s lower left femur may have introduced infection which may have been fatal.This theory however remains unproven. Facial reconstruction of King Tutankhamun was also commenced using the new CT scan data in 2005. A forensic anthropologist calculated sizes of tissue on his face. A cast was then made of the skull from this data which was used to build a latex model. When the CT scan data and skull cast was given to another forensic team for checking, the skin colour proved to be somewhat controversial in interpretation. Controversies occurred as it is impossible to determine skin colour accurately.This is because there is a large variation on skin tones in the area, and not enough accurate information available as Ancient Egyptian art depicted bodies in unrealistic colours. Thus, no consensus on the King’s skin tone was reached, however the overall results between the different reconstructions was similar. At the time of discovery, very little was known about this ancient pharaoh. Thanks to the efforts put into many investigations over the years and, in particular, the 1923 ‘Curse of King Tut’ phenomena that was spread through media following the untimely death of Lord Carnarvon, knowledge and interest of Tutankhamun has skyrocketed.Tutankhamun’s legacy remains to this day and he continues to stand across the globe as one of the most well-known Egyptian pharaohs in history. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Carter, H. , Mace, A. C. , The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen: Discovered by the Late Earl of Carnarvon and Howard Carter, Volume 1 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1923), 94. [ 2 ]. N. Reeves, The Complete Tu tankhamun, Thames & Hudson, 1990, pp. 116-17

The Use of Phi, Golden Numbers and Fibonacci Numbers in Architecture from Antiquity

MT Chapter2: The usage of Phi, Golden Numbers and Fibonacci Numbers in Architecture from Antiquity This chapter will look at the history and application of usage, throughout Ancient Times, of the Golden Numbers, such as Phi, the Fibonacci Sequence. It will analyze the different topographic points that they were used, by the ancients and their grounds for utilizing these mathematical systems. Doczi, 1981, examines the significance of Golden Numbers to different peoples throughout history. He pays specific attending to Proportional Harmonies, within architecture. reference1a In Wiltshire, England, around an estimated YEARSAGO, SH mention an astoundingly unbelievable memorial was built. Believed to be a calendar, of kinds ; a topographic point of religious and spiritual significance ; or perchance a compass, this construction possesses geometry affecting Golden Numbers excessively. reference1a One of the other first recorded utilizations, of these peculiar figure systems, can be traced back to the early yearss of Freemasonry and the architecture of their Masonic Temple, in PLACE. The Freemasons call themselves a Brotherhood ; and Masonic Halls and Lodges can be found all over the universe. On a corner rock of the Masonic Hall in Halifax, Canada, it can be seen that two different day of the months are inscribed upon one of the corner-stones. These two day of the months, 1875, and 5875, seem to propose that the Masons believe that their society dates back every bit far as 4000bce. reference1 In Manly P. Hall, 1973, he discusses the evident likely-hood that the Ancient Egyptians had the most knowledge about the scientific disciplines of nature. Hall goes on to state us that Steinmetz, 1976, provinces: â€Å" Regardless of the beginning of the modern Lodge, or of the name â€Å" Freemason, † we can, after liberating the symbolism of modern versions, discern in Freemasonry the lineation of the instructions of the ancient enigmas of Egypt. † mention Manly P. Hall Freemasonry of the Ancient Egyptians A statement by Past Provincial Grand Registrar, W.L. Wilmshurst in â€Å" The Meaning of Masonry † , 1922, reads: â€Å" I am acquainted, for case, with an Egyptian ceremony system, some 5,000 old ages old, which taught exactly the same things as Masonry does, †¦ † cite The Meaning of Masonry, by Past Provincial Grand Registrar, W.L. Wilmshurst This shows us that Freemasonry was a portion of Ancient Egyptian civilization and besides shows that these accomplishments and â€Å" Secret Knowledge † have been passed down from ascendants, 1000s of old ages ago. Investigating Steinmetz, shows us that the Masons are taught that their secret-knowledge has been passed down by generation-after-generation of their brotherhood ‘s members since the clip of the, legendary as yet unfound sunken, metropolis of Atlantis. mention Freemasonry Its Hidden Meaning, by George H. Steinmetz Arpat, 2004, discusses the usage of these Golden Numbers and sequences in architecture throughout both the Islamic, Ottoman and Christian Empires. Besides he draws loop to the fact that the really same rules and techniques are still used in architecture today. reference1 In 1861 a certain Mr. William Preston, past maestro of the Lodge of Antiquity, wrote â€Å" Instruction manuals of Masonry † . In this book he draws attending to the significance and significance of geometry, to the George masons: â€Å" Geometry or Masonry originally synonymous footings, is of a Godhead and moral nature and enriched with the most utile cognition: whilst is proves the fantastic belongingss of nature, it demonstrates the more of import truth of morality. † reference2 This grounds shows that geometry and the Golden Numbers are per se linked with spiritualty, faith and morality, for many different civilizations. Today, the Masons continue to up-hold their belief that the architectural techniques and methods that they teach to their Members should be kept as a reverent secret from the general populace. It is no accident that their most important and recognizable insignia has a missive â€Å" G † as its cardinal characteristic. It can be seen that a capital â€Å" G † has a similar form as the Fibonacci Spiral. reference1 A really old book, Leader Scott ‘s 1899 issue of â€Å" The Cathedral Builders † , clarifies portion of the ground that the Freemasons had such an influential consequence upon the edifice of churches, throughout history. He describes how a peculiar group of people known as â€Å" Liberi Muratori † , who lived near Como, Italy around 643ce were formed. Once this cabal began to turn in Numberss, they were sent out, across the universe, to learn, construct and enroll new members. They shortly became a big and organized society of designers, sculpturers, and professionals of humanistic disciplines and trades. This proliferation of their joint cognition bled into every group of society that they came upon. Scott goes on to depict that there were edicts from the Catholic Church, in Rome, to protect any members of the Freemasons ‘ Brotherhood, in any Catholic state that they might be in. These apostolic bulls besides allowed the Masons to work, without competition from local rivals, in their several field of expertness. This left control of architecture design, of churches, entirely to the Masons who ever followed the set forms, rules, and sequences which were laid down before them, by their hereditary Mason brothers. mention â€Å" The Cathedral Builders † Further grounds of important geometric forms can be found in Islamic Mosques, all over the universe. One of the most notable illustrations of this is the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. This monumental construction was built, between 532ce – 537ce, in what was so known as Constantinople. Byzantine Emperor, Justinian the Great commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and the Elder Isidore of Miletus, who hailed from Western Anatolia, to construct this construction as a Church. reference1 These two figures were non known as designers, instead, Isidore was referred to as a Professor of Geometry and Mechanics, whilst Anthemius was thought of as a Mathematician and a Physicist. The common term that was used for their place, as builders of this memorial, was â€Å" mechanikoi † . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hagiasophia.com/listingview.php? listingID=6 Anthemius was left to plan and bring forth the architectural drawings of this church, whilst Isidorus was in charge of the existent building of the edifice. It is interesting to observe that although the Hagia Sophia was built as a church, in the sixth century Ce, today it is used as a museum, but for about five hundred old ages, after the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople, it served as a mosque, for the so Islamic officeholders. The Faculty of Architecture of the Technical University of Istanbul holds a papers drawn up by a Azinasi BaAYeAYmez, in which he includes exact programs of the Hagia Sophia. With the aid of his helper, Ahmet Alptekin, he was able to detect that Phi had been explicitly used through-out the whole design of the Hagia Sophia. reference1 The figure below, shows an illustration of these geometrical forms, which have been used, in the interior infinite of the Hagia Sophia. Diagram1 This illustration of ancient architecture demonstrates the usage of Golden Numbers, within edifice building, absolutely. Another first-class illustration of this is the Mosque of Rum Mehmet PaAYa. This sacredly important construction is besides found in Istanbul. Constructed around 1471ce the Grecian builder besides appears to hold used the same unit of length, as was used in the design and building of the Haga Sophia. This â€Å" Byzantine Foot † would now, in today ‘s universe, be seen as being 31.23centimetres long. It was divided into 16 â€Å" Fingers † and a metallic rod of this length, believed to hold been used by Azinasi BaAYeAYmez, and besides before him the Ottomans, has been preserved in the TopkapA ± Museum of Istanbul. Arpat, 2004, describes how with his helper, he measured the precise dimensions of the Mosque of Rum Mehmet PaAYas ‘ exterior breadth of the Mosque ( without porch ) , the thickness of the walls, the doors and the country around the main-entrance. With these measurings he was able to demo that, one time once more, the Golden Ratio and the Fibonacci Spiral had been major factors involved with bring forthing the architecture of the full edifice. reference1 Diagrams2 In Greece itself, the most good known edifice in Athens is the Parthenon. This testament to the inventiveness of the Ancient Greeks is yet another illustration of where the Golden Ratio is used repeatedly, in about all facets of its design. Built around 440ce, Pythagorean Geometry, every bit good as the Fibonacci Sequence can be seen to hold been utilised in the nucleus of its architectural design. reference4 Feuilles de Delphes, Topografi et Architecture Releves et Restaurations par K. Gottlob, Paris 1925, holds the ground-plans for the Parthenon, Rodos discusses these programs in his book, The Secret of Ancient Geometry and its Use ( Vol. 2, 1967 ) analyses these programs and describes the prolific usage of these sequences, in the design of the Parthenon ‘s ground-plan. reference5 The front-facade of the Parthenon besides displays many charactistics, which use the Golden Ratio. The diagram below shows this: reference6 Diagram3 In England, Golden Numbers can be found in the architecture of many churches. One illustration of this is Vere Street Anglican Church, London. Built in 1721, architects AyAYe and Nigel Walding from Derby, fastidiously measured every dimension of the church. Arpat, in his 2004 book, sets down the process that AyAYe and Nigel would hold used to make this:Draw line AB = 636 † ( 1615.122cm )Pull a line AC = 4/3 tens ABPull a half circle around BC and a perpendicular from A until D.AD == 734.39 † ( =1865 centimeter ; Diff. 1cm )Pull a half circle A withR= AD until intersection E. AE = 734.39 †Extend AE by 1/5, grade point F.Pull a half circle around AF, grade intersection G ;EG == 328.429 † This is the breadth of the cardinal nave ( = 834.05cm )Divide the interior length in five equal subdivisions ; these are the breadth of the bays:734.392 / 5 = 146.878 † , mark point H.Halve the cardinal nave, grade point K ; HK = 164.215 †Extend HK by 5/7 tens HK, grade point L.Pull a half circle around LK and a perpendicular from H until intersection M.Draw an discharge around H withR= HM until intersection N.HN = HM = EG == 138.787 † ( = 352.75cm ) This is the breadth of the side naves. The interior breadth of the church is: 2 ten 138.787 † + 328.429 † = 606 † , as measured ( 1538.94cm ) reference1 The diagram below should be used as a mention for the instructions, quoted above.Diagram4 This subject of Christians utilizing Golden Numbers, in architecture, can besides be seen in St. Johannes Basilica, in Catholic Berlin, Germany. This illustration was built in 1897 by designer August Menken, who was besides involved with the building of some of the other of import churches, in Berlin. Once once more it is mostly in the land floor program, that the Fibonacci Sequence can be found. Diagram5 It can besides be shown that the radius of the handbill wall behind the communion table, and the relationship between the communion table, the columns and doors to the street, all involve the Golden Ratio. Diagram6 It is widely understood that architectural techniques have been passed down through coevalss, and dispersed through other civilizations, by trade paths as they appeared in the Middle Ages. Equally good as this, the spread of Freemasonry and other spiritual cabals has contributed greatly to the addition in similar methods of architecture, in different parts of the World. Originally, it seems that, the forms and designs used were created utilizing nature as inspiration. In the modern universe of scientific discipline we are able to more closely, and more accurately, examine nature ‘s artifacts, and it has been seen that these specific figure sequences ( like the Fibonacci Spiral ) can be found about everyplace. reference7 Knocks, H. and Arch, M. ( 2007 ) discourse the findings of the Ancient Greek Thinker, Plato. Plato describes different sets of proportions, stating: â€Å" the three-term proportion as indispensable cognition, the cognition through which the head is able to grok the universe. † reference8 Plato claimed that utilizing the methods to happen the mean of a three-term proportion, such as a/b = b/c, ( which is most normally used by designers ) , an apprehension of the Torahs that govern the creative activity of all things can be formed. A two-term proportion can be expressed as: As shown antecedently, in this papers, this is the Aureate Proportion. reference9 These Golden Numbers, sequences and forms are likely most noticeable in sacredly important edifices because big architectural undertakings have, more frequently than non, been commissioned by spiritual groups. Religions have, historically, possessed the largest sum of financess for such projects. It is common cognition that faiths have many secrets, in order to protect their cognition of the universe, they would merely let certain people to go toilet to facets, such as their architectural techniques and methods. Religion has ever been the pillar for the guidelines and regulations, of different societies. Taxes upon the general population, connected with a peculiar spiritual edifice, were common in yearss gone-by. Both in the signifier of offerings to divinities, and payments for ( as Christians might state ) â€Å" shepherding their flock † , goods, money and nutrient points were, and still are, normally given to these spiritual ‘benefactors ‘ . This is how the Church and other spiritual cultural leaders harnessed the largest sums of power and money, in whole lands and across continents. Ancient Grecian times seem to be an exclusion. It has been documented that here, most of the â€Å" Thinkers † , in Ancient Greece, focused their attendings upon mathematics and lay-down our first Torahs, instructions and regulations, which govern the universes of scientific discipline, technology and the existence. These early Mathematicians and Structural Engineers were largely taught at UNIVERSITY NAME, in Egypt, where they were able to analyze many edifices which were already 1000s of old ages old. reference10 Noteworthy Greek Thinker, and Mathematician, Pythagoras, was taught in many Egyptian Temples, like NameOfTemple. He was besides a Mason and so when he returned home, it was prohibited for him to relay the secret direction that he had been taught in Egypt, to anyone else. Pythagoras taught along different avenues of geometry and instructed â€Å" non-initiated Grecian pupils † in this new methodological analysis. reference11 Schwaller de Lubicz, in his 1981 publication, was able to animate the attack that Pythagoras used in using his geometric methods to architecture. These two tomes, The Temple of Man, discuss Pythagorean Theorems in great item, nevertheless they do non dig profoundly into the â€Å" Lost Knowledge of the Ancient Egyptians † it is necessary to analyze other resources to derive this information. mention â€Å" The Temple of Man † . It is widely recognised that the Christian Bible has been translated many times, from and into many different linguistic communications. Translations can seldom be exact and the significance of certain phrases is frequently lost during transition, from one linguistic communication into another. One illustration of this is at the beginning of the Gospel of St John, in the King James Version, 1611. This book, of the Bible, starts with the line: reference9 â€Å" In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and Word was God. † mention King James Bible, Gospel of Saint John As Knocks and Arch, 2007, explain: â€Å" The transcriber, working in the clip of King James, chose to utilizewordfor the Greek ‘logos ‘ .Sonsimplies an active rule and would be more accurately translated as ‘verb ‘ . What, so, is the word, or verb, of which St John has written? Harmonizing to the anthropocosmic apprehension, it can merely be the fantastic transforming power of Phi ( ? ¤ ) , the Golden Proportion. † reference9

Haiti Earthquake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Haiti Earthquake - Essay Example Community became more aware of the events happening in the world, which resulted in the occurrence of â€Å"citizen journalism† and blogs, when people can freely express their opinions on political, economic and social events. Different strategic approaches have been used in the cases of Haiti earthquake in January 2010 and VinayandSameer.org campaign in 2007-2008. The table below shows similarities and differences of their approaches. VinayandSameer.org Haiti Earthquake Strategy planned emergent Goal to make South Asian Americans register at NMDP donor database and take an action as a donor if they are called to share news about earthquake and help people find each other Features analytical creative and innovative Normal communications tools used television, public relations none (all were down) Social media tools used websites, blogs, emails, web links, educational videos, Facebook, etc. videos, pictures, text messages, iReports, Twitterfeeds, etc.

HIT project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

HIT project - Coursework Example To identify obstacles during the management and implementation process of health portal system for a dialysis unit that serves hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis to renal chronic disease patients. To validate with secondary research conducted by way of peer review journals the procedure that sought to implement health portal on patient care system. Hospitals implementing health portal have documented positive results in patient care. A remarkable improvement is noted in Patient Access to heath related Information. It is also worth noting that most physicians have reported that they don’t use this system because of maintenance cost. Health Information Technology: Implementation of Patient Portal within Paragon Organization Information In order to effectively manage our patients, access of data is imperative especially when performing clinical meetings. My interest is on applications within the electronic health record for the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patient portals are clinical, administrative and educational-related online applications which facilitate communication between patients and healthcare providers such as hospital and physicians. Terry (2010) said that patient portal is used by care providers and patients (Terry, 2010). Patient portal applications may be a single entity website and sell its services to health providers or it can be intergraded into existing website electronic medical record (EMR). The system exists as software application that is regulated by government legislation. Kannan (2009) outlined the uses of health information technologies and online resources to include; great potential to boast health care quality by improving care access, efficiency, chronic disease management, and patient family involvement (Kannan,2009). Patient portal is a form of communication based on the web between a patient and the doctor. It has the following features; messaging, making requests or new appointments, examine past and pre sent medical fix and modifies patient data. Bodenheimer et al, (2003) reported that patient portals can enhance patient-provider communication, increase overall satisfaction with care, lead to more communication with psychosocial content and increase identification and management of chronic conditions, increase access to health information, and improve disease management for conditions such as diabetes and congestive heart (Bodenheimer et al, 2003). (An illustration of this is provided in appendix B).The reporting system that is implemented here develops monthly report for all our dialysis patients in a safe and timely manner. Information Technology Application Technician is in charge of patient portal application but it is quite unfortunate that the IT department is not within the organization; at this moment we have contracted personnel from a private company who is providing IT related services. Most institutions would hire application service provider to work hand in hand with I nformation Technology Application Technician to setup and maintain health and information system hardware and software. An internet report that was developed provided a screen which displayed three tabs with the capability to be activated and viewed on a separate page as shown bellow: Laboratory (Health view) tab: a screen that provided grouped laboratory results according to patient’

Software Requirements Specification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Software Requirements Specification - Essay Example To address this problem PCI offers its clients a service that would allow clients to forward all their calls to them and PCI in turn would collect all the messages and forward them to employees that are on the road and away from their desk. These messages would usually be forwarded to their phones or pagers. Goals of the project The basic goal of the project is to ensure that the company’s clients’ businesses are not affected because their employees are on the road and important messages do not reach them. The second goal of the project is to improve communication between employees of a business and the headquarters of the business to ensure that there is better coordination amongst them all. The final goal of the project is to help PCI improve their overall service and ensure that they retain their old customers and obtain new customers as well. Stakeholders of the project The company: One of the main stakeholders for the project is the company for which the system is being created. The company would also be the main user of the software that is going to be developed through this project. The company’s name is PCI (Pivotal Communication Inc.). Clients: The second major stakeholders are the clients to whom PCI would provide its services to. These clients would be able to only get their desired service if the project being worked on is a success. Software Company and the development team: The software company that is responsible for developing the solution for the given issue have an equal share in this project. The software company tends to make a great deal of profit with the successful completion of this project. Other stakeholders: The complete list of stakeholders can be viewed in the diagram below Users of the software: The main users of the system developed would be PCI’s agents. Agents are responsible for answering and handling all the transactions regarding a call or message that is supposed to be provided to a particular cli ent. The second users of the system would be the clients that would interact with the system to manage messages and calls that they receive. Characteristics used to define users The users that have been identified above would be assessed in the following categories. The categories would be helpful in identifying the correct functional and non-functional requirements of the project. Understanding of technology Physical impairments Qualifications and credentials Project constraints Mandated constraints Resource constraints: The software is to be developed using the resources that have been provided by PCI. The developers have to work within the time frame provided and equipment that the company owns. Requirements constraint: The graphic user interface of the system should be easy to work and operate. Users of the system must easily understand how to operate the system and employees of client companies must be able to easily handle the messages they receive. Legal constraint: The contr act that PCI has signed with its clients states that PCI is responsible for storing all the messages it receives for at least 90 days. This means that the system should be able to store vast amounts of data. Furthermore PCI is required by law to inform callers that their calls are being recorded. This means that before recording a message the system must inform the caller that their call is being recorded. Glossary Glossary of all terms: The following table contains a

Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Curriculum - Essay Example He described curriculum in a range of approaches. One of them is linked to syllabus or a body of knowledge to be transmitted to the students. Smith also stressed that curriculum is a set of objectives, where there is a drawn-up plan to apply intended objectives with a measurable outcome. Another alternative definition is that curriculum is a student’s total experience. It comprises teachers’ and students’ communication and relationships between them. Smith also recommends that curriculum is one’s ability to apply theory to practice. Language Arts is one essential subject area that hones communication skills of students. Being knowledgeable in literature, grammar and writing is one important goal for them that will greatly benefit them in their growth and development. This paper will compare 7th Grade Language Arts curriculum guides of three schools in New Jersey, namely the Hillside, Union and Orange Public Schools. The comparison will only be based on the guides acquired from these schools and not from how their curriculums are implemented. Of the three schools, Hillside Public School provided the most comprehensive curriculum guide. Next was the Orange School which also provided a clear outline indicating the goals of the Language Arts program and how its assessment strategies. Union School provided the least comprehensive guide, with just the use of cue words in enumerating its curriculum content and suggested activities. One of the widely adopted curriculum design is the ‘Understanding by Design’ Planning Framework (UbD) by Wiggins, Grant and McTighe (1998). This is also known as the Backward Design Model wherein the teacher starts with the end, the desired results, and then derives the curriculum from the evidence of learning called for by the expectations and the teaching needed to equip students to perform. The UbD involves the following processes: The Hillside School obviously adopted the Understanding by Design

Stress and the Neuroendocrine Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stress and the Neuroendocrine Response - Essay Example Prolonged stress tends to impair the learning and memory ability of individuals, which is as a result of reduction or loss of the hippocampal volume. Chronic stress also impacts on the level of dopamine released, which blunts an individuals capacity for pleasure, and increases anxiety facilitating poor decision making (Amara & Kuhar, 1993). Â  Short-term stress in this article is described as stimulation. Transient and moderate stress that leave individuals feeling good. The effect of short-term stress on the brain is the increased activity of the cells in the hippocampus, the region responsible for learning and memory. Another effect of the stimulation has increased the release of dopamine, the neurotransmitter central to pleasure, hence the feel-good effect. Â  The hippocampus is a small region of the brain that is associated with learning, memory, and spatial navigation. It is placed in the middle of the temporal lobe just below the cortical surface. It is structured into two halves, lying on the right and left sides of the brain and has a curved shape. The hippocampus is associated with the formation of long-term memories and three-dimensional space navigation. The impairment of the region can cause memory loss. Hippocampal neurogenesis shows that production of new cells in the brain follows a procedure. During which, newborn cells have acquiesced to regulatory factors which influence cell proliferation, maturation, and survival. Situational and dispositional factors have the ability to control neurogenesis and impact on the hippocampal reliant learning and memory (Freund & Buzsaki, 1996).

Memoie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Memoie - Essay Example In his quest to be an English writer, Yong Kim had to overcome the language barrier by devoting himself to the task that lay ahead him coupled with varied discouragements, for instance, from one of his roommate (Spack 42). This is similar to my experience except that mine was to study Korean, which one of the many languages that I have never been able to be fluent before deciding to try it. Since, I grew up in four countries, which are Egypt, France, Holland, and Sweden. My father used to work for United Nation and every two or four years we had to relocate from state to another besides other countries, which we temporarily stayed for approximately half to year period. They include Germany, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, Kenya, Japan and ext. hence, growing up in unstable environment despite to many people seeming to be a fun because every time I had to readjust to my new environment though I attended international schools. Presently, I cannot say that I am fluent in any language even my native one, which is Arabic. When I say fluent, I imply 100% speaking, reading and writing. This is because, for instance, when I started focusing in French while I was France, suddenly my father would come and tell us to be ready for after three months we are relocating to the Netherland for him to attend a new mission that region. Then, when I started learning Dutch, my father would come again and cite that we are moving to Sweden. Therefore, all these scenarios at that time coupled with extremely short periods of staying in certain region posed an immense challenge in learning a particular language effectively. However, some may argue children are capable of learning extremely fast but this was not my case and it turned out to be stressful to me. Since, I was not able to focus on a single subject despite my entire family being in a situation that we got the chance residing as well as visiting more than twenty countries. The worst part of encompassed that I did not have an identi ty evident from certain incidences that I experienced and prompted me think of learning my Korean language as well as certain languages that are essential in aiding me to live as a cosmopolitan citizen. This was after reading â€Å"A Book-Writing Venture† by Kim Yong that relayed what he encountered language barrier and managed to overcome it via studying English to the extent of writing a book in it. A remarkable incidence that I can remember vividly happened to me three years ago in Korea, which prompted me decide to study Korea language after reading Kim Yong’s book who is a Korean too. I felt that I had the same experience with him in terms of language but the only difference is that he was struggling with English in America and mine was Korean in Korea. My life’s story started in 2009 after getting a scholarship from the Korean government to study in Korea as an exchange student between San Jose state university in California and Kyung Hee University in Suw on in South Korea. A part of the scholarship was to teach Math and science for 15 hrs a week to the elementary school students. I stayed in Korea for approximately 14 months, which was a good experience but the first 3 months were hectic due to language barrier. Since, most Koreans do not speak English even those who are fluent in it as they are shy, whereas some are good in

Work based practice in childhood studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Work based practice in childhood studies - Essay Example Therefore, the social integration tool curbs the theoretical stereotypes surrounding the needy children in a given society. The inclusive play environment should be more engaging to all the children. The placement makes children feel comfortable and the transition of different schedules should incorporate joyous moods created by singing and dancing (Gibbs 1988, p.43). This paper is an account on how inclusive play promotes children’s development in a special setting of work placement. In addition, the benefits of the inclusive play will extensively be discussed as well as its theoretical aspects (Cochran, Cochran & Nordling 2013, p. 106). The inclusive play placement refers to the location of the inclusive play activity. The play environment provides a surface justice by its ability of being equitable and usable by all the children. It provides an atmosphere of mutual acceptance, fun and respect. Based on an account of an inclusive play placement, the practitioner allowed the children to decide on what they wanted to do by voting and they chose a role play (Martin 2010, p. 56). The practitioner therefore provided the children with role play costumes, even though, some were comfortable with face painting while others pretended to be actors, for instance, Spiderman. The scheme was made more joyous and favourable for the children through the provision of weekly theme songs, drawings and dancing (Moore 2004, p. 33). This specific inclusive play reflected a diverse society in terms of nationality and culture. The children celebrated diversity by displaying a big welcome note written in all languages at the entrance. The c hildren enjoyed the celebratory mood by listening and dancing to Chinese music as well as designing candles of their choice and further enjoyed inventions of the Diwali celebratory cards (Walters 2013, p. 78). The disability discrimination act affirms the provision of equal rights and fair treatments as well as equal access to play

Employee Performance Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Employee Performance Evaluation Essay Do you have any questions about what is expected of you on the job? Are there any areas that are unclear for you? Being in the practice for more than 13 years, I believe I am performing well as a Clinical Coordinator at _________________. I know well my primary duties not only to the doctors but to the patients as well. Patient flow is one of my main tasks. Therefore, doing it for more than a decade has really helped me learn by heart the task that I am supposed and not supposed to do. Extended duties, in addition, provide me with more skills development. Nonetheless, I still believe that committing to my work as a clinician, to the doctors, and to the patients is my key to being able to perform what is expected of me for this particular job. And I know I have worked hard for that. For me, the most unclear, and also lacking, is the salary increase. I have been in this job for more than 13 years and my salary has been pretty much the same. I love my job, that is why I always work hard for it, but taking into consideration practicality, the standard of living has been constantly increasing and I know I have to keep up with that.   It is quite disappointing that my co-employees and I are not getting fairly regular higher compensation grants. What do you consider to be your most important accomplishment in this review period? Being on the job itself and being able to practice what I love doing is one of the accomplishments that I have gained working here. Being able to be trained by professionals and get me going to my long-term goal of getting into Dental Hygiene program at this community college is a privileged appreciated for me. In addition, higher salary, maybe inasmuch as what I have received last year 2005, provides recognition for me as an employee for the decade or more that I have worked as a Clinical Coordinator. What areas would you like to improve on your performance and how do you plan to do it? What can the doctors or other team members do to help you improve? I have realized the joy and hardship of working as a clinician. At the same time, I get firsthand impressions of the satisfaction of the patients when they know that they are cured or will get better soon. This is one of the pleasures I get working here. That is why I want to be even more productive. However, of course, I, as well as my co-employees, want to be recognized and get rightfully compensative for the dedication we tender as clinical workers. It has always been known that additional compensation always boosts employee morale and encourages them to work better and become more productive and useful. Please tell us about any special accomplishments or projects that you have involved into to improve any aspect of the practice. As mentioned, I have been in the practice for over 13 years. More so I believe I have performed well enough indicated by being able to serve the same industry for more than a decade. As far as I know, I have accomplished what is expected of my performance. Otherwise, I would not have lasted long. In addition, to be able to improve my skills, I practice well at work and really put my heart into what I am doing.   The doctors are continuously training me. And eventually, if given more recognition to pay costs for my schooling, I am planning to delve into a Dental Hygiene program sponsored by this community college to be able to enhance more my skills and become a more productive clinician. Other comments? When an employee violates the rules in the practice repetitively in every category, what action do you take to make sure that the doctors get the respect they want out of the employees? I believe one of my strengths is that I know well what I am doing and that I am confident of what I do as a clinical coordinator. As I have said, being on this job for a lot of years has put me in a position where I am assured of my capabilities, and my potentials. With regards to respect, I believe in the clichà © â€Å"give respect to earn it†. Doctors and employees alike, no matter who is the boss of whom, deserves to be respected and properly treated. This involves complying with the proper and professional orders of the doctors, for the sake of their professional work. And the doctors in turn, give to the employees also high regard for the dedication they put on their works and give them rightful recognition. What are the areas that need improvement? I think, training the new employees, especially the new ones must be given proper attention. It has always been good to start working with much needed meaningful experience. This will definitely improve the clinical employees’ skills and practice them even more making them knowledgeable and more experience when it comes to first hand practice and on the job training. Where do you see yourself in the next year and what steps would you like to take to get there? Probably a year from now, I would be taking one or two classes a quarter, hopefully halfway done with pre-requisites. I will still be working fulltime and hopefully be a super treatment coordinator and become more trained and knowledgeable in diagnosing treatments. Two to three years from now, I hope to finish my pre-requisites and be able to prepare for dental hygiene examinations. But of course, I would not want to leave my work so I will still be working fulltime, probably 38 to 40 hours per week. And about five years from now, I may have completed by dental hygiene program having passed the examination. All these plans will help me not just boost my knowledge and skills, but also gain a higher degree of expertise about my chosen profession or career.

Timolol Maleate 0.5% Eye Drop Preparation

Timolol Maleate 0.5% Eye Drop Preparation Formulation of eye drops (TIMOLOL MALEATE 0.5% m/V EYE DROPS) By: Introduction The Timolol Maleate 0.5% M/V Eye Drops is indicated for the reduction the intraocular pressure in the (IOP) persons suffering from ocular hypertension or glaucoma they are insufficiently responsive to the topical Beta Blockers. It is shown to reduce IOP in patients that have chronic open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and in Aphakic patients with signs of glaucoma and in those patients who wear contact classes (Siegal, 2007). It also shows a reduction of IOP in patients having narrow angles and those with iatrogenically-induced narrow angle closures. The inactive ingredients or excipients in Timolol sodium hydroxide used for pH adjustment, monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphates, and purified water. Purified water is used for injection purposes. 0.01% Benzalkonium chloride is used as a preservative. The preservative is a quaternary ammonium. Its mechanism of action involves the intrinsic detergent processes that result in the dissolution of the bacterial membranes and cell walls, thus preserving the medicine (Wang et al., 2012). It is particularly focused on the preservation against gram-positive bacteria. The aim of this project is to prepare a Timolol maleate 0.5% eye drop using the sterilization method. The autoclave sterilization method is based on the WHO standard. Methods Alcohol wipes were used to initially clean the top panel of the laminar flow cabinet. The direction of cleaning was from back to front (from one corner towards the airflow direction). It was wiped twice while ensuring that the wiping stripes overlapped. It was disinfected until the top panel. Then, starting from one side of the panels, it was disinfected until the bottom of the panel. The processes were repeated until all the side panels and bottom panels were adequately disinfected. The production sheet record was filled and completed before the start of the experiment. 50 ml of Timolol maleate was weighed; Disodium Hydrogen Orthophosphate and Dihydrogen Sodium Phosphate were also weighed and put in separate test tubes. Centrimide 0.5% Stock Solution was added to half of distilled water in a beaker. The mixture was stirred gently. Disodium Hydrogen Orthophosphate and Dihydrogen Sodium Phosphate were added to the mixture and stirred to dissolve. Timolol maleate was added to the mixture and stirred to dissolve. Freshly distilled water was added to the solution to make up to the final volume. Sintered glass filter method was used. The filtrate was put into the beaker. It was then poured into pre-sterilized bottles. The filtrate was filled up to the bottle shoulder. The dropper was inserted into the bottles, and caps screwed tightly by hand (WHO, 2002). Autoclave sterilization was carried out on the solution at 121-124 oC. The process was carried out for 15 minutes at approximately 200 kPa or 1 atmosphere above the atmospheric pressure. The solution was viewed and labelled after sterilization and cooling of the solution. Results Table 1: Microbiological methods Table: 2. Environmental monitoring Settle Plates should be accurately positioned in the Laminar Flow Cabinet by placing one settle plate for each corner. That is, one should be placed to the back left, one to the back right, one to the front left and one to the front right. A minimum of 10 cm gap should be left between the settle plates and the walls of the cabinet. Figure: 1. Autoclave controls before sterilization Figure: 2. Results after sterilization Discussion As shown in figure 2, the autoclave turned black after the sterilization process. This shows that it was sterilized. The Sterikon ® Plus indicators have nutrient broth made up of sugar, spores of a pathogenic bacillus stearothermophilus and a pH indicator. When the sterilization process is carried out, the ampules in the indicator retain the red-violet color. On the other hand, if sterilization does not take place, then bacterial growth occurs. This leads to ampules becoming turbid and changing color to yellow (Block, 2001). The manufacturing processes are valid and the cleanliness levels achieved throughout the sterilization process. From table 1, there was growth in aerobic tests in a nutrient broth medium and fungal tests in a Yeast dextrose broth medium. This indicates that the conditions were favorable for growth. The anaerobic control and fungal control also indicated growth under Robertson’s cooked meat medium and Yeast dextrose broth media respectively. From table 2, there was no growth all the settle plates placed in different positions. The sterilization process is a reliable approach because high temperatures are achieved through steam under pressure mechanisms. The moist heat reaches temperatures above the boiling point, thus achieving effective sterilization. This approach is the best because pressurized steam destroys all forms of life and bacterial spores (Mazhar, 2009). References Block, SS 2001, Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation. London: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Mazhar, H 2009, Autoclaving: Real Sterilization. Viewed 23 January, 2014 fromhttp://microbiologyon-line.blogspot.com/2009/08/autoclaving-real-sterilization.html Siegal, PA 2007. Glaucoma Medical Therapy: Principles and Management: Principles and Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Wang, H, Switlick, K, Ortiz, C, Zurita, B Connor, C 2012. Health Insurance Handbook: How to Make It Work. World Bank Publications. WHO 2002, The Local Small-Scale Preparation of Eye Drops: Eye Drop Update 2002.WHO/PBL/01.83 Standard Operating Procedure A Cleaning and Disinfecting Laminar Flow Cabinets Step 1: Wear suitable Size Gloves. Step 2: Using alcohol wipes initially wipe the top panel of the laminar flow cabinet starting from one corner and in the direction of the airflow (i.e. from back to front). Repeat this process for another strike. But ensure that the wiping strips overlap. Continue disinfecting until reaching the other side of the top panel. Every now and then turn around the alcohol wipe to use a clean side. Step 3: Starting from one of the side panels, place an unused alcohol wipe on the top and the back corner of the panel, and wipe in the direction of the airflow (i.e. from back to front.) Repeat this process for another strike, but ensure that wiping strips overlap. Continue disinfecting until reaching the bottom panel. Every now and then turn over the alcohol wipe to use a clean side. Step 4: Apply the step 2 process for the other side panel. Step 5: Apply step 1 process for the bottom panel. Standard Operating Procedure B Positioning Settle Plates inside a Laminar Flow Cabinet Step 1: Place one settle plate in each corner, i.e. one to the back left, one to the back right, one to the front left and one to the front right. Step 2: Give a minimum of 10 cm gap between the settle plates and walls of the cabinet. QC SHEET Manufacturers Label Name: Timolol Maleate 0.5% Eye Drops (TIMOPTIC-XE) Type of Medicine: Beta-blocker eye drop preparation Use: Chronic open angle glaucoma Available as: Eye drops, eye gel, single-use eye drops Manufacturer Code: TM5483-67 Manufacture License: TM3421-564-6 Expiry Date: 12:01:2015 Manufacturer Address: MJU Advertising LLC PO BOX: 22874 OUT METHA, DUBAI UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Raw Material Identification and Quantification Active: Brimonidine Tartrate 0.2% w/v Timolol Maleate IP equivalent to Timolol 0.5% w/v Inactive Ingredients: Sodium chloride, Disodium EDTA, Sodium dihydrogen Phosphate dihydrate, Disodium hydrogen phosphate, Sodium hydroxide, Water for Injections.

Essay Concerning Brave New World :: essays research papers

The novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, presents the portrait of a superficial utopian society. Huxley presents his utopia as a perfectly functioning society, but makes the reader question many aspects of the new civilization. While engaged in the book, a reader is often appalled by the lifestyles of the residents of "brave new world." When a reader does this he or she is comparing the society to his or her own. The only way a person can justifiably criticize the society in Brave New World is from their own subjective vantage point. It was the anthropologist Geertz who said that a culture cannot be examined completely objectively. So when a person critiques a society it is based on the values and mores of their own culture, and this is what I will do when considering what is objectionable and what is acceptable in the "brave new world" society. Huxley wrote the book primarily as a satire that would lead to change. In 1932, changes in science were becoming prevalent and Huxley noticed these changes. With the invention of the assembly line, the Ford Model Twas produced allowing people to afford cars. Huxley could see where these advances in science were leading, and this lead him to develop his startling story. When a person thinks of a utopia he or she thinks of a place where everyone is happy, disease is nonexistent, and strife, anger and sadness are unheard of. Huxley created a society where all of these are true, and still one questions whether or not it is truly a utopia. As people in our society look upon "brave new world" they see it as a place of immoral behavior and obscenity. Could this possibly be because they are conditioned themselves, and cannot realize it? They could just as easily be conditioned into thinking that only their thoughts are correct. Everyone's goal in every culture is to reach a state of ultimate happiness. The society of "brave new world" is the same, but they go about it in a much different way. People argue that the society of "brave new world" is immoral, and evil, but once again they are enforcing mores of their own society while examining other culture. Because the only way to critique the society of "brave new world" is subjectively from our own point of view, almost every aspect of the society is objectionable.

Uses and Consequences of the Self Fulfilling Prophecy Essay -- Educati

Uses and Consequences of the Self Fulfilling Prophecy Abstract The Self Fulfilling Prophecy is a concept that should be quite familiar in the classroom, yet is still a mystery to many teachers today. Learning to properly use this idea will ultimately result in higher student scores directly, and on a higher level, will cause students to model the expectations of the teacher and expect much of themselves. This will set students up for highly successful autonomous learning. However, ignorance or improper use of the SFP does not stimulate learning, but may inhibit accomplishment. Teachers must strive to achieve a better understanding of this â€Å"Pygmalion Effect† to create a powerful learning environment. Uses and Consequences of the Self Fulfilling Prophecy The concept of the self-fulfilling-prophecy, renowned as the Pygmalion Effect, is known throughout the education world, but its principles can often be confused, misused, or ignored altogether (Tauber, 1998). If handled wisely, the self-fulfilling-prophecy (SFP) can be a teacher’s most potent tool in constructing success in his/her students. To the same ends, though, it can be an overwhelming suppressor to potentially great talent. Therefore, teachers must strive to find a better understanding of the SFP, shed their inhibiting methods of stereotyping, and begin to use SFP to produce positive effects for all their students, setting them on the road to autonomous learning. Before teachers can do anything to utilize the idea of SFP, they must truly understand it. Study of the topic combined with reflection on personal experience will hone their understanding. Standard research will give teachers a powerful theoretical base from which they can move. Backgro... ...t is due. When it is properly used, it presides over all other areas of education, because the students will find within themselves the motivation to strive to achieve anything set before them. Works Cited: Tauber, Robert T. (1998). Good or Bad, What Teachers Expect from Students They Generally Get! Washington, D.C.: ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 426 985) The Pygmalion Effect. Retrieved April 4, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.caritas-corkeryhouse.com/art18.htm Rhem, James (1999). Pygmalion in the Classroom. Retrieved April 4, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.ntlf.com/html/pi/9902/pygm_1.htm Churchward, Budd (1986). 11 Techniques for Better Classroom Discipline. Retrieved April 2, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.honorlevel.com/techniques.html

Dr. Johnson’s Criticism of Shakespeare Essay

Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), a flamboyant and versatile scholar, expresses his view of Shakespeare in his edition of Shakespeare’s plays which are enriched by his prefaces. But like other critics he does not eulogize the poet; on the contrary, he dwells on the faults in his plays. He shows a very balanced and unbiased mind capable of judging the merits and demerits of his plays without being influenced by the hallow effect. He reads neither to admire everything, nor does he contradict his excellence; he performs the task of weighing and considering what he reads and offers his comments which have a moral bias. In â€Å"The Preface to Shakespeare†Ã‚   he admires him as   Ã¢â‚¬Å"the poet of nature, not of learning; the creator of characters who spring to life; and a writer whose works express the full range of human passions† (Norton.1255)   His judgment of Shakespeare has both the positive and the negative aspects and he does not indulge in â€Å"bardolatry† like other critics. He believes that dead writers are unnecessarily glorified and the living ones are neglected. He rightly says, â€Å"The great contention of criticism is to find the faults of the moderns and the beauties of the ancients.† (Norton.1256) He also advocates the critical theory that an author can be evaluated only by comparing his works with others, â€Å"so in the production of genius, nothing can be styled excellent till it has been compared with other works of the same kind.† (Norton.1256) He   also upholds the view that a literary work can be called great only when it has stood the test of time. He thinks, â€Å"Shakespeare is, above all writers, at least above all modern writers, the poet of nature, the poet that holds up to his readers a faithful mirror of manners and of life.† (Norton.1257) It is difficult to surpass this succinct summing up of Shakespeare’s genius. But Johnson disparages the uncritical acceptance of Shakespeare as perfect; he points out his faults as well, without undermining his genius. Johnson praises Shakespeare’s art of characterization highlighting their variety, depth, credibility and the power of delighting his readers. Using his comparative method, he observes, â€Å"they are the genuine progeny of common humanity †¦In the writings of other poets a character is too often an individual: in those of Shakespeare it is commonly a species.† (Norton.1257) The characters and the situations are so impressive because â€Å"Shakespeare has no heroes, his scenes are occupied only by men, who act and speak as the reader thinks that he should himself have spoken or acted on the same occasion;†(Norton.1258) This culminates in his view, â€Å"his drama is the mirror of life.† (Norton.1258) Being a believer in didactic function of literature, he appreciates how his plays are full of â€Å"practical axioms and domestic wisdom† (Norton.1257) but for the same reason he criticizes him when it is absent, â€Å"He sacrifices virtue to convenience, and is so much more careful to please than to instruct that he seems to write without any moral purpose.† (Norton.1259)   It is clear that he does not believe in â€Å"art for art’s sake† like Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater. Johnson vainly castigates Shakespeare for not being a moralist, â€Å"he that thinks reasonably, must think morally, but his precepts and axioms drop casually from him; he makes no just distribution of good or evil†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Norton.1259)

Corp Finance Ford

IB 92C0 MiM/MiB CORPORATE FINANCE ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES Case Study: Ford Motor Company’s Value Enhancement Plan (VEP) As was announced during the first class in January (and stated in the module outline) you are required to submit a written assignment. Your assignment will be based on the Harvard Business School case study entitled â€Å"Ford Motor Company’s Value Enhancement Plan (A)†. The case study is distributed separately. Specifically, you are required to read carefully the case study and hand in your answer to the following two questions: 1.Should Ford:  §? go ahead with the complicated VEP, or  §? issue a cash dividend, or  §? conduct a share repurchase? In other words, would you vote in favour or against the VEP plan? Explain. 2. If the VEP plan is implemented, what would be your choice (cash or shares or a combination) if you were one of the following:  §? a Ford family member holding Class B shares  §? an institutional investor, such as TIAA- Cref or the Calpers  §? a regular outsider shareholder You must provide a short answer for all three investor types above.Assessment weight: This assessment constitutes 20% of your final mark. Deadline: You must submit your assignment via my. wbs by 12:00 pm on Monday 15 April, 2013. Late submissions will receive penalties in line with WBS policy. Format Your answer to the questions above should follow these guidelines: 1. 2. 3. 4. Your answer should be no more than 2 pages long. Any pages beyond the first two will be detached and discarded. This limit applies to all work, including any graphs, tables or appendices you may choose to use.Your paragraphs should be single-spaced with appropriate headings. You must use Times New Roman font 12. You should use the official assignment cover sheet, which will not count towards the two-page limit. The cover sheet should state the module name and number (IB 9380), the case study title and your student number. MiM Corporate Finance 1 Fordâ⠂¬â„¢s Value Enhancement Plan General advice You are strongly encouraged to write your answer using the following principles: You can assume that the marker is fully aware of all the facts of the case as well as all the material taught in class.You do not need to introduce the issues, provide background information or repeat any of the information cited in the case, unless you wish to support a very specific argument. You are asked to write your own opinion about the issues you believe are important in this case. Be as precise as possible. Try as hard as you can to avoid being descriptive and instead provide your own analysis. All your arguments should be based on the material discussed in class, the textbook readings and the facts and opinions discussed in the case. Marks will be given for the quality of your thought and presentation.Please take a clear stand in everything you discuss. An argument of the form â€Å"yes, †¦but† or â€Å"on the one hand yes†¦, but o n the other hand no†¦Ã¢â‚¬  will not do and will receive low marks. Remember, while there is no such thing as a wrong argument, there is a poorly supported argument. Finally, note that you are expected to work on the case individually. You may discuss the basic ideas of the case with your classmates, but you must write your answer to the assignment on your own. This is not a group assignment. Good Luck! Andrea MiM Corporate Finance 2 Ford’s Value Enhancement Plan

Distance Still Matterthe Hard Reality of Global Expansion Essay

CAGE Distance Framework Distance Still Matters analyses several factors that impact both success and failure in global expansion strategies. The challenges discussed are dimensions of distance. The four dimensions of distance discussed are cultural, administrative, geographic and economic. Cultural distance is essentially the differences in communication, interaction, religion, race and social norms. Administrative or Political distance refers to the absence of colonial ties, shared political association and institutional weaknesses. Examples of political barriers are tariffs, trade quotas and restrictions on foreign investment. Political associations between countries, typically that exist in a colony/colonizer relationship facilitates international trade due to similarities in administrative dynamics. Geographic distance is created due to remoteness or the lack of access due to transportation, communication limitations or differences in size and climate. Economic distance is created by a discrepancy in re sources such as financial, intellectual, human and natural. Star TV Star TV’s attempt to expand into the global media television market was given as an example of a failed initiative due to the lack of focus on dimensions of distance between foreign markets. Star TV was founded in 1991 with a mission to deliver television programming to Asian audiences. Their motivation was that they perceived the Asian audience as being starved for diverse media choices. Star projected that English language programming would transition into the Asian culture, especially with the socio-economic elite (top 5%). The strategy to gain a competitive advantage over broadcaster was to use satellite technology to transmit programming. Star’s expansion attempt failed, recording losses of $141 million in 1999 and $500 million between 1996 and 1999. Without extensive Asian market research this initiative was unrealistic. An assumption was made that cultural distance did not exist between Asia and the United States. The Asian media market was not as interested in English speaking programming as Star’s management projected. Additionally, Asian governments imposed barriers to politically driven programming which created even more political distance that initially existed. Star TV’s mistake was the lack of market research and a â€Å"go/no go† decision making process. Too many assumption were made that the international media television market was immune to dimensions of distance such and cultural and political. Recommendation Identify a sample market and run a pilot test with several typical English-speaking programming options. CPA Approach The CPA approach or the Country Portfolio Analysis looks at how the actual and potential markets measuring per capita income and per capita industry consumption. The two indicators plotted on a grid creating bubbles that represent the size of each country’s market Tricon Restaurants International (TRI) Tricon spun off from Pepsico in 1997. The company’s core business is managing fast food chains such as Pizza Hut, Taco Bell and KFC both domestically and internationally in 27 countries. In 1998 the company began evaluating the possibility of consolidating operations within high performing markets. Two thirds of TRI’s revenues and even a higher proportion of profits came from 7 of the 27 markets. Based solely on market size, TRI’s initially plan was to dispose of its investment in Mexico. Mexico fast food market ranked 16th of 20, with a total fast food consumption of $700 million. Using the CPA approach, TRI identified Mexico as a top 3 priority based on geographic distance from Dallas, TX (TRI’s Headquaters), common land borders and favorable trade agreements with the United States. (Beamish, 2011) References Beamish W. Paul and Bartlett Christopher, Transnational Management: Text, Cases, and Readings in Cross-Border Mangement, pg. 95-105

Education in my Preschool Classroom Essay

There have been many theories that have played a part in the foundation of early childhood education. It has been these theories that have changed the way teachers educate their students. Creating an environment that contributes to learning is key to the student’s success. I feel it is the social communication between students, their peers and the teacher that determines a successful school experience. I feel that effective communication is a fundamental component to my educational philosophy. As a result, I feel that Vygotsky’s Socioculture Theory most closely represents my own philosophy. Vygotsky felt that â€Å"children learn social interaction. They acquire cognitive skills as part of their induction into a way of life. Shared activities help children internalize their society’s modes of thinking and behaving and those folkways their own† (Papalia, Olds, & Feldman, 2008). My education philosophy is to produce the best most achievable learning experience for all students in my classroom. Lev Semenovich Vygotsky developed Vygotsky’s Socioculture Theory. In this approach to teaching Vygotsky believed that â€Å"children’s mental, language, and social development is supported by and enhanced through social interaction (Morrison, 2009). According to Vygotsky the development a child has is concentrated on the communication they have with people around them in a social environment. One of the most important aspects of Vygotsky’s Theory is the zone of proximal development (ZPD). The ZPD is the area of development that is too difficult for the student to achieve by themselves. It is necessary to recruit assistance from another person. The help can come from a teacher, another adult, or even a classmate (Morrison, 2009). Vgotsky’s Sociocultural Theory gives students the opportunity to develop their strengths socially while facilitating cognitive growth and development. I plan to incorporate many of Vgotsky’s theories in my preschool classroom, such as; scaffolding and the zone of proximal development. Using scaffolding, teachers can help students continue to achieve in the areas of development that are too difficult for them to accomplish alone. When a preschooler is able to master a task, the scaffolding can be faded out. In my preschool classroom I want students to build on their own strengths so they can become more independent learners, both academically and socially. Physical and Motor Development involve active learning and how a child uses his or her body. Locomotion is the part of motor development that involves children learning to run, jump, hop and dance. Preschool children like to take part in fine-motor activities as well, such as coloring, drawing, and painting. Teacher’s that incorporate both physical and fine motor activities in their daily lessons will encourage physical and motor development for each child. o Activity – Body Parts †¢ Children are encouraged to move different body parts to music. As the teacher calls out a body part each child must wiggle and dance around emphasizing that particular part of the body. The teacher can also change this activity to encourage students to move to the meaning of words. For example, stretch your arms up high, bend down and touch your toes, crawl like a baby or jump like a kangaroo, the possibilities are endless. o Activity – Sticker Fun †¢ Children love stickers, for this activity give each student a variety of stickers that are a variety of colors and sheets of paper that are the primary colors. Instruct students to peel off the sticker and place the sticker on the matching sheet of paper. †¢ Children can also work at the Art table. The table would be supplied with crayons, glue, scissors, markers and paper. In Cognitive Development most preschool children are in the preoperational stage of intelligence. Their ability to use symbols and their language skills are developing and improving. Preparing hands on activities are fantastic to assist the preschool child in the area of cognitive development. o Activity- Sink or Float †¢ The teacher would need to gather several items like ping pong balls, straws, small beach ball, rocks, paper clips and toy cars and fill the sensory table with water. The teacher would hold up several items and ask the students what they are and whether they think the item would sink or float. The teacher would call on students to drop items into the water, the class would see if the item sinks or floats. After the experiment ends the students could graph what items floated and what items sunk to the bottom. o Activity- Swamp Sort †¢ The teacher would need a small supply of small and large plastic alligators, as well as two bins one for the large alligators and one for the small ones. She would also need the sensory table filled with water and sand. The teacher would explain to the class that they were going on an adventure to find alligators. Some of the alligators would be small (she would hold one up) and some alligators would be large (again she would show the class). The class would take turns using a net to scoop out alligators and then they would have to sort them into the assigned bins. Social-Emotional development is a very important part in the development of a preschool child. The social and emotional part of development in a preschool program prepares students for success throughout their time in school, as well as, the rest of their life. Social-Emotional development can be encouraged in the classroom through social interaction, exploration and experiments. o Activity-Smelling Jars †¢ Have children play a sorting game. Before class the teacher would fill empty jars with several items that have strong aromas. For example, the teacher could fill the jars with items like fruity smell-orange, floral-rose petals, and spices-cinnamon and/or garlic. The students would be blindfolded as they try to identify the smells. After the children have examined all the aromas they would have to sort and graph the smells into two categories the ones they liked and the ones they did not like. o Activity-We Are Thinking †¢ The teacher explains to the class that they are going to play a game that requires them listen, look and think. The teacher goes on to explain that in this game she will think of different classmates and give clues to reveal their identity. For example, she could say I am thinking of a friend who has blond hair and is wearing a red shirt. The students will have to look, listen and think to identify their friends. â€Å"Language skills grow and develop rapidly during the preschool years† (Morrison, 2009). Reading to and with other children is a great way to encourage language development. Children begin to learn and have the capacity to become beginning readers as their language skills improve. o Story Time †¢ Including story time in the preschool classroom is a wonderful way to encourage language skills. Imagination can make the typical story time new and different. The teacher chooses an appropriate book and then reads it to the class. She pauses throughout the book allowing the children to tell her what they think would happen next. After the story is over the children can role play and dress up and act out the story. o Sight Word Treasure Hunt †¢ Preschool children can use sight words to increase their vocabulary and build emerging skills for reading. The teacher tells her students they are going to play a game today and that at the end of the game they are going to find a treasure. Before the game the teacher would have to hide a small â€Å"treasure† box filled with whatever she chooses (enough for each student to have one). The teacher would also have to place cards with different words around the room. The teacher would explain to the children that they would take turns reading each site word and then finding it in the classroom. On the back of each card would be the next sight word to find. The students would choose a student to go next until all students had a turn the last student would find the treasure that they would share with the class. The student would be encouraged to ask other students for help if needed. This game could be easily adapted to be more of a competition the teacher could form teams and declare a winner, although, all children would still receive a â€Å"treasure†. The first formal assessment I would be sure to include in my preschool classroom would the High/Scope educational approach. The â€Å"High/Scope approach provides broad, realistic educational geared to children’s current stages of development. To promote the constructive processes of learning necessary to broaden emerging intellectual and social skills† (Morrison, 2009). The High/Scope Observation assesses six broad categories; initiative, social relations, creative relations, creative representation, music and movement, language and literacy, and mathematics and science (Morrison, 2009). The High/Scope can help preschool teachers create an environment that is conductive to learning by supporting the five essential elements; classroom arrangement, active learning, the daily schedule, assessments and curriculum. The second formal assessment that I would incorporate into my classroom would be Brigance K&1 Screen II. This assessment only requires ten to fifteen minutes per child and is used on children entering kindergarten and first grade (Morrison, 2009). Children who were getting ready to leave preschool would benefit from this assessment as it would measure the child’s skill level. I could then pass this information on to the next teacher along with my own personal observations. My favorite type of informal observation is the portfolio. This form of assessment allows the teacher to collect samples of the student’s work over a period of time and then determine the child’s strengths and weaknesses. Teachers are able to track a child’s development for a specific period of time that they determine. The child’s progress can be tracked weekly, monthly, or through quarterly assessments. The second kind of informal observation that I will be sure to include would be the Interview. This allows children to explain different behaviors, papers they have worked on and individual answers that the student may have given to questions. Engaging children in discussion can only benefit all involved teachers and peers alike. It is important to keep the lines of communication open between teachers, students and their parents. Students need to feel that they can speak up and ask questions about anything that will help them be successful students. The curriculum in my preschool classroom would include literacy. Time each day would be set aside for Alphabet knowledge, this would let students know that letters have names and shapes and that letters represent sounds in our language (Morrison, 2009). Phonics would also be used on a daily basis. Time be would assigned for reading decodable books. Children would learn to read using their phonic knowledge along with content clues such as pictures. Mathematical curriculums are an important part in the preschool classroom as well. Math plays a very prominent role in the preschool classroom today (Morrison, 2009). Children in my preschool classroom will engage in many different activities. For example; sorting, counting, experiments and observations. Mathematics can also be incorporated into the time spent in the computer lab by playing math games. Preschool children are hands on learners so the use of manipulatives would be encouraged. The best classroom environment would persuade children to â€Å"engage in personal, meaningful educational experiences. In addition, the classroom contains three or more interest areas that encourage choice† (Morrison, 2009). †¢ The classroom should be organized so all children can find the supplies needed to be successful. This will also promote independence. †¢ The classroom floor plan should support classroom programs as well as help to implement programs. For example the Art Center should have the necessary supplies stored near the art table. The reading center should have a supply of books and chairs placed there. †¢ The ideal environment would also include an area for small and large group (circle time) instruction. †¢ An adequate space for storage would be needed. The items would have to be labeled in such a way that the children would know where to return them to keep the classroom neat and orderly. †¢ The ideal environment would include a classroom where children feel safe and protected. School should be a place where children are free to learn without fear of being bullying. There are many different preschool programs available today. They all offer programs that use philosophies, theories and concepts to try to meet the needs of preschool aged children. There are many things that promote relevant learning but one of the most important in my opinion is social interaction. It is because of that belief I feel that Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and the High/Scopes Approach to learning is the most effective method for learning in the preschool classroom. The most important thing is to make the classroom a place where each child is given the opportunity to learn in a fun and effective manner, always putting our students first. References Morrison, G. (2009). Early childhood education today. (11th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Papalia, D. , Wendkos Olds, S. , & Duskin Feldman, R. (2008). A child’s world: infancy through adolescence. (11th ed. ) Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Banking: an Ethical Dilemma? Essay

Introduction In this report, I plan to discuss the question Banking: An Ethical Dilemma? Within this is I will discuss ethical dilemmas in association with banking. I will firstly start by giving definitions of what is meant by the terms: Banking, Ethics, and Dilemma. From here, I will go on to identify what banks are and what the roles and importance are for the economy. Next, I will go on to explain banking operations and with this identification, I plan to then discuss the ethical dilemmas and show my opinion on the question ‘Banking: An Ethical Dilemma?’ I will then discuss any other issues unrelated to ethical dilemmas within the banking sector and with this; I plan to use references and facts to support my argument on the subject. Finally, I will identify my finding regarding the dilemma and try to conclude on whether banking is ethical. Main Body Firstly, ‘Banking’ can be defined as one of the key drivers of the economy. Banking provides a safe place to save excess cash, known as deposits. It also supplies liquidity to the economy by loaning this money out to help businesses grow and to allow consumers to purchase homes, cars and consumer products. Banks primarily make money by charging higher interest rates on their loans than they pay for deposits. (http://useconomy.about.com/od/glossary/g/Banking.htm) ‘Ethics’ comes in many forms but can primarily be defined as the code or rules of moral principles that are set standards of good or bad, or right or wrong decisions, in personal conduct and therefore is a guide to the behaviour that is morally acceptable from a person or within a group or an organisation. Ethics effect moral decision made by people, and its main concern is what is good and though to be best for society. Siddiqui (2010) With this definition of ethics, ethical behaviour is very much a s it seems. The behaviour is used surrounding ethics. It is behaviour, which is seen to be accepted as good or bad, or right or wrong, within organisation rules and obligations and government laws. It is about being responsibly and acting in an honest and fair way taking into consideration whether the actions taken are affecting people in a way that would not be seen as ethical. ‘Business Ethics’ is the same aspects and contains the same issues of ethics and ethical behaviour but is put into a business context. This is deal with on a daily bases throughout every organisation in the world. Within this subject, business ethics is not just based on the organisation or employees but also to any customer that they may have. Many organisations have had their reputation tarnished with bad publicity due to the business ethics. This can be down to employment or how the organisation is ran, this can include poor working conditions, exploiting people or even down to low wages. Organisations that do not follow in business ethics can result in breaking the law that can lead to them being sued; the problem with this is that multi-million businesses can often afford to take a hit but never the less that is no excuse to disregard their ethical behaviour. Finally, the term ‘Dilemma’ can be defined as: a situation that requires a choice between options that are or seem equally unfavourable or mutually exclusive. (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dilemma) Banks are seen in many forms, they primarily come in the following forms, which are Retail, Central, Investment, and Building Societies. The main purpose of a bank is to provide a safe place where people have confidence to deposit money. It is seen that banks are produced and ran by honest people. As well as storage of money, there are many other purposes to bank, but they are separated into individual banks and depends are on what form of bank they represent. Retail banks are otherwise known has commercial/high street banks, which customers use every day for goods and service links with their everyday tasks. They main roles are to provide a service to corporate, personal, and private banking to customers. This can include bank accounts for money storage, loans, credit car ds, mortgages, and saving as well as many more. Examples of these banks would be; HSBC, Lloyds TSB & NatWest. Central banks are the main bank within a national, and have many roles, which are vital in the economy. Central banks such as The Bank of England unlike retails banks are need to keep the economy financial stable. The Bank of England’s roles are to; set interest rates, create money supply, lender of last resort, they are the bankers bank and the place of settlement and they have to regulate these to provide paramount service for the economy. Investment banks are otherwise known as merchant banks. The main purposes of these banks are raising capital for customers, businesses or for the government. This can be achieved by providing services for mergers and acquisitions as well as propriety trading, foreign exchange. Unlike retail banks, investment banks do not take deposits, these banks run from taking equity. Building Societies are financial institutions, which mainly provide saving accounts and mortgages. Unlike other banks, building societies are mutual which means that their customer are members and can therefore receive information and attending meeting regarding the progress or alterations in operations and have a right to vote on the actions taken. Building societies are run by shareholders and have directors whose decision it is on the strategies taken. Banks have great importance within the economy, and without them, we would see a different world from the one we see today. â€Å"Although banks create no new wealth but their borrowing, lending and related activities facilitate the process of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of wealth. In this way they become very effective partners in the process of economic development.† (http://www.blurtit.com/q197532.html) What do banks do? This is a question, which many people may be confused by. People deposit their money into a bank for feeling that it will be kept safe for them to collect at any time, when in reality when someone’s deposits money is to their account, the banks promptly lend the money out to another customer and in result creates a cycle. In fact, when a customer makes a deposit at a bank only an initial 8% is kept in banking funds, 90% of the deposit and lent out to another customer creating more profit for the bank. As well as accepting deposits banks also repay against written order, create account, lend money, render account, reasonable notice closer, maintain secrecy (Tourniers exception), interest and fees, set off, return cheques and pay against monies held. Although these are the main roles this is not an indication of the products and service which are provided by individual banks and may differ between them. Therefore, when looking into banking, where can we draw the line to say whether a bank is being ethical or not? I think the first factor, which needs to be pointed out, is that banks are businesses and therefore are out to make a profit, but how far will they go in succeeding this main objective and with this jeopardise their ethical values? So as previously stated the main purpose of the bank is to make a profit and to do this they have to provide service and sell products as such. The bank is required to make a profit to provide to the shareholders, and with this will increase the business and allow the business to grow and progress. Banks as businesses are not charities and therefore need to make a profit without making a profit banks would fail without input into finance and would therefore have to relate on government funding, which in turn would change banks from private businesses into national banks. With doing this then the government would have to get the funding from somew here to provide to the bank so this would most likely required an increase in taxes which would then cost people more money in do this. The problem with this is that without the private funding from customers then it would be possible for banks to fail which would create havoc with the economy. This would put more of the public’s money at risk, and could affect the circulation of money and without circulation the money, as we know it will lose value and will basically die out. If it were put into place that banks were made national this, this would mean that they would have to be more cautious and would take no risks in the services, which they provide. This would mean that people would not get the high interest returns on their account and saving which they believe that they should be entitled to but do not want any of the risk which is associated with this. For a bank to make a profit, they are required to use customer’s deposits and lend the money out to other investments. The percentage of the deposit, which is loaned out, can be seen to be risky and if customers were to find out this then they may be less inclined to deposit their monies. Is it unethical that a) Customers are not informed of this? Alternatively b) the percentage that is loaned out? This could be altered by giving the customer more information. Is 8% of a deposit a reasonable amount to keep or should it be higher. I think that if banks start reducing the percentage, which in turn would allow them to make more profit that this would be unethical and it is creating more risk to customer’s money and without guarantee that there is going to be 100% return rate. I think that if banks did lower the percentage, and did increase the money that could lend then this would influence banker’s decision on the ethical values if it were allowing them to make more profit for the bank and in turn increase any bonuses, which they would receive because of the extra profit. With this extra money, going back into circulation then this would create an increase in interest growth. Although this may be seen to be unethical, I think the main problem is the education of the public on this subject. Banker bonus is always high-level news in media, as people hear about these v ast bonuses and cannot understand where these amounts are coming from. It is my perception that why people hear about theses bonus that they believe that it is their money that is being used to fund the bonus that that everyone within the bank or the average banker is going to receive these bonuses when in reality it is actually very few who do. I believe that banker should be allow bonuses as without the work that they put into the banks then this would result is a fall within the economy, so in result I do not believe that these bonuses to be unethical. The Financial Services Authority otherwise known as the FSA is the regulatory of the UK’s financial services industry. This was set up by the government with the purpose to regulate the activities of financial services markets, exchanges, and businesses. All financial service must follow the standards, which have been put in place by the FSA; this has consequences if not followed. This can be used to show that a bank is being ethical as the FSA would be able to notice any unethical activities wi thin a bank and would then take action to correct this. The make act of unethical behaviour is using customers money to achieve personal ambition. This is using the money in a scene of greed and in result to boost ego. A good example of this would be Fred Goodwin. Fred Goodwin was the former chief executive of the Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS). His personal ambition was to build RBS to become one of the world largest banks. With the authority in his post, he created a bank that was more focused on selling the products and service than the fundamental service of banking and with the temptation to create more profit was building then this was just the beginning of the unethical behaviour. As a result of this RBS grew and quickly became one of the largest banks but within this growth it was not long before questions were raised regarding the ethical values of the banks. Following investigation, which was launched after whistle blowing if, was seen how unethical Fred Goodwin had been in running operations within the bank and promptly resigned from his post after RBS lost approximately  £25 Billion, which would be able to fund the NHS for two years. To date this is the biggest ever commercial lose in history. This is a key example of when the temptation of personal gain overrides ethical value. So is it ethical for a bank to fail? Banks are formed on trust, if it is seen that a bank has failed and has lost its money and funding would create mass panic. This was seen in previous years with Northern Rock. When as many banks in the past, Northern Rock went to the central Bank of England to ask for lender of last resort, but made public awareness and suddenly people started to panic that they money was not safe and wanted to withdraw the funds from the account. This soon resulted in the banks running out of money as the 8% per cent of deposits that was kept in storage soon ran out. Banks are now introducing ethic policies, this would allow the customer to gain a greater knowledge and insight into the bank on how they run ethical, and from here, and customers can evaluate them and from here make a decision on which bank to choose. The first bank to introduce they ethical policy was the co-operative bank back in 1992. From these policies, it allows a more transparent view into the bank and how it is ran. This can show information such as where customers deposits are loaded onto for example this money could be loaned onto a business that has poor environmental records, which you may feel strongly about and would rather not create funding for them. Is it possible for any bank to act ethically, as a principle they may all try to portray a positive image of the ethical values but with the key goal to make profit, how far is too far for ethicality before they can be criticised. There are banks with exception in which they actions may be seen to be unethical but in retrospect the are somewhat ethical. Rationalisation for unethical behaviour comes in four common forms; these are seen to be used to justify misconduct and other ethical dilemmas. They are: * Convincing yourself that the behaviour is not really illegal. * Convincing yourself that the behaviour is in everyone’s best interests. * Convincing yourself that nobody will ever find out what you’ve done. * Convincing yourself that the organisation will â€Å"protect† you. Schermerhon (2005) Ethical investment is another problem, which is often brought to the public eye. It has been said that investment bank should invest into smaller companies instead of mass-market organisation to create more business with the economy. As much as this can be seen to be ethical, the problem with this is that there is higher risk investing in smaller companies as there are not necessarily going to be successful and as a result create more risk of no return on initial investment. This could then result in the bank having to act more unethically to compensate for their actions. Conclusion Overall, within this assignment I have given definitions of banking, ethics, and what is a dilemma. From here, I went on to explain what is a bank, and the different types of banks and what they roles where and how they differed from each other. I then discussed banking operation and when onto discuss the ethical dilemmas within banking sector. After doing research I believe that in banking, it is very difficult to constantly stay ethical and it is so easy to fall for temptation to act unethically in either time of need or for personal gain. This can be done with minimal effort and sometimes without even notice. Ethics is incorporated in everyday life and is going to be constantly changing therefore I believe what is seen to be ethical could at some point be seen as unethical depending on the state of law. I have discovered that within all organisations there are constant uses of ethical behaviour both good and bad. Therefore, I believe that each organisation at some point will encounter a combination of the alternative ethical views. From analysing the ethical actions, I have concluded that even though some decisions and behaviours are seen to be unethical this does not necessarily mean that they are illegal. It is dependant of organisational procedures and government laws. Bibliography * About.com (2010) Banking. [online] Available at http://useconomy.about.com/od/glossary/g/Banking.htm [Accessed 1st April 2011] * Siddiqui, K. (2010) Lecture Hand-outs 6 – 8. * The Free Dictionary (2010) Dilemma. [online] Available at http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dilemma [Accessed 17th March 2011] * Blurtit (2010) What is the importance of the banks. [online] Available at http://www.blurtit.com/q197532.html [Accessed 18th March 2011] * Schermerhon, J.R. (2005) Management 8th ed. New York. John Wiley and Sons Inc. * Boatright, J.R (2008) Ethics in Finance. 2nd ed. Oxford. Blackwell Publishing. * Boartright. J.R (2000) Ethics and the conduct of business. 3rd ed. New Jersey. Prentice Hall, Inc. * Parkin, M., Powell, M., & Matthews, K. (2005) Economics 6th ed. London. Pearson Education Limited. * Co-operative (2011) Why we have ethical polices [online] Available at http://www.goodwithmoney.co.uk/why-do-we-need-ethical-policies/ [Accessed 6th April 2011} * Bank of England (2011) About the Bank [online] Available at http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/index.htm [Accessed 23rd March 2011]