How can a company create value - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2313 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Discuss, with the aid of examples, how a company can create value THEORETICAL BASIS FOR VALUE CREATION Companies create value by investing capital to generate future cash flows through its business operations at a rate exceeding the cost of capital. Numerically, the value of a company can be defined as the sum of present values of free cash flows (FCF) expected in the future, and is given by the mathematical expression, Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How can a company create value?" essay for you Create order where FCFt is the free cash flow in year t, and WACC is the weighted average cost of capital. This can be simplified into the expression, where NOPLAT1 is the net operating profit less adjusted taxes in the first year, ROIC is the return on invested capital, and g is the annual rate at which FCF grows (Koller, 2010). When the investment rate is constant and NOPLAT is proportional to the revenues, the revenues of a company will also grow at the same rate g as the cash flows. Thus from the above expression, the value of a company is driven by its revenue growth (g) and the return of invested capital (ROIC). Figure 1 shows a contour plot of value vs. growth and ROIC with a NOPLAT of 100 and WACC at 10%. Figure 1: Contour Plot of Value vs. g and ROIC It is clear from the contour plot that higher growth leads to increase in value, but only when ROIC is greater than WACC. It is also evident from the arrows on Fig.1 that in order to create value, higher growth companies should focus on increasing ROIC and higher ROIC companies focus on growth. From the above theoretical basis, it is evident that in order to increase their value, companies must undertake activities that result in growing the business and/ or increasing the return on invested capital (ROIC) as appropriate, while avoiding short-term growth in free cash flows (and dividends) achieved by cutting down on investments that could increase the value on a longer term. As a corollary, if a company undertakes actions that do not produce incremental cash flows, then there is no additional value created. Activities such as share repurchases and financial engineering do not generally create value for this reason. Grullion and Michaely have demonstrated statistically that dividends and repurchases are substitutes (2002, p.1682). However share repurchases could help avoid value destruction, when a company has a high likelihood of investing cash at low returns (Koller, 2010). EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN BY COMPANIES TO CREATE VALUE Gaining Competitive Advantage A companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ROIC depends directly on its competitive advantage enabling it to charge a price premium on its products and services or produce them more efficiently (at lower cost or lower capital), or both. Companies can charge a price premium if they produce innovative and high quality products, build a great brand and through customer lock-in. In commodities or commoditised products and services, rational price discipline by the players in the industry can help keep up the lower bound on prices. Cost and capital efficiencies can be built through innovative business and operating models, leveraging economies of scale and through scalable products. Product Innovation. Tesla Motorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ electric cars are good examples of product innovation as a strategy adopted by a company. Their Model S has economy, performance and range (over 200 miles) as the key differentiating factors over other competitors, with a price premium well over $25,000 on comparable electric cars (Davis, 2013). Product Quality. While reputation for quality products helps to charge a price premium (as in the case of BMW and Audi cars), product quality programmes such as Six Sigma have been demonstrated to reduce unit cost of products/ services in Bank One, Lockheed Martin, Stanford Hospital and Clinics and of course General Electric (George, M., 2003). Brand Creation. Samsung spent over $4.3 billion in advertising, ranking in brand value at 9 from 53 (Forbes). Their products such as Ultrabooks demand premiums prices well over the other competitors and on par with Appleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s laptops. Brands also drive volumes as evidenced by Coca-cola and McDonalds, leading to value creation through economies of scale (Forbes). Innovative Business Methods. Structuring the business model and operations to reduce waste and complexity can result in significant cost efficiencies. Southwest Airlines avoided complexity by operating only one type of aircraft (Boeing 737) in contrast to American Airlines which operated up to 14 different types of aircraft during 1996-2001. As a result, Southwest had about 40% lesser cost of airline operations per seat-mile during in 2001 compared to American Airlines, while its share price doubled (George, M., 2004, p.6-8) Growth Initiatives When ROIC is high, growth drives value quickly as seen in Figure 1. The following are a couple of examples of how companies create value through growth Create New Markets There is perhaps no better example than tablet computers for the creation of a new market. Apple identified a market gap and released a revolutionary new product, iPad. Within the first quarter, iPad became Appleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s third largest revenue segment surpassing iPod (https://www.businessinsider.com/chart-of-the-day-ipad-ipod-mac-2010-7). Persuade existing customers to buy more Insurance companies such as Aviva offer loyalty discounts to persuade its car insurance customers to buy home of life insurance thus driving growth. Technology companies such as Samsung attract customers to buy other products such as Galaxy Gear watch by offering integration with its phones. Also, technology companies persuade their customers to buy compatible accessories for phones and tablets. Granular growth In order to determine the areas of growth within the portfolio, a high level cut by business or geography is not sufficient. According to Baghai (2009, p.88-89), a granular analysis to identify micro-segments of customers, geographies, regions and products is essential, before investing in RD, advertising and other growth investments. Baghai gives an example of a semiconductor manufacturer who reallocated 30% of RD resources to highly promising segments resulting in faster than the market growth within two years. Mergers Acquisitions Jack Welch, the CEO of General Electric during 1981-2001 adopted a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fix, sell or closeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  strategy for underperforming business units. In the first four years of his tenure, he divested 117 business units, accounting for 20% of GEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assets. It is well known the GEà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share during his 20 year tenure rose by 4000%. According to a study performed on 200 companies during 1900-2000, on an average, $100 invested in January 1990 in a company actively managing its business portfolio would be worth $459 by the end of the decade, while that same $100 would have grown to only $353 if invested in company passively managing its business portfolio (Dranikoff, 2002, p.75-76). This approach to fix, sell or close based on value can be applied to the portfolio of products and service offerings of a company in order to increase its value. Explain how to value companies using the cash flow-based approach and the difficulties that may arise in the application of such an approach in the real-world. The enterprise DCF method discounts free cash flows (FCF), available to all investors including equity holders, debt holders and non-equity investors, at the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Enterprise DCF method is a carried out as shown in the process below (Koller, 2010): Determine the value operations of a company by discounting FCF at WACC Identify and value non-operating assets such as nonconsolidated subsidiaries, equity investment, and add it to the value of operations to obtain the enterprise value Identify and value all debt and non-equity claims such as unfunded pension liabilities, employee stock options, etc. Subtract the non-equity value from the enterprise value to obtain equity value. Calculate the price per share by dividing the equity value by current number of undiluted shares. Valuing Operations Using DCF method to value operations requires a forecast of future FCF and WACC at which cash flows must be discounted. Historical values of FCF and WACC are necessary before they could be forecasted. To calculate FCF for past and current years, NOPLAT and change in Invested Capital are obtained first from the rearranged financial statements, from which FCF is derived. ROIC is then calculated as the ratio of NOPLAT to the Invested Capital. The figures thus obtained are used to perform historical analysis of the company, especially to understand how the value drivers, namely ROIC and growth have behaved in the past, in order to estimate their future values. Forecasts for ROIC and growth are determined using sell-side analysis. FCF forecasts are obtained from the forecasts for NOPLAT and Invested Capital derived. A major difficulty in this process is that these forecasts cannot be projected beyond a few years. Therefore, the Continuing Value of the company must be added to the Present Value of the FCF projected for the forecasted years. The value of the operations thus determined is given by the expression (Koller, 2010): Value of Operations = PV of FCF during forecast period + Continuing Value (which is the PV of FCF during the years beyond the forecast period). NOPLAT in the year following the forecast period is required to calculate Continuing Value. RONIC (return on new capital) and growth (g) are calculated as long run forecasts. WACC is required both to discount cash flows during the forecast period as well as to determine the continuing value. It is calculated as a blended rate of the cost of capital of equity (ke) and debt (kd). Koller (2010, p.113) gives the following expression for WACC: where D is the debt and E the equity of a company at market values, while Tm is the marginal tax rate. Applying a constant WACC to determine the present value of all future cash flows is based on the assumption that the capital structure (debt to equity ratio) is constant throughout the future. This is however not true in real life. WACC can be adjusted to account for the lack of stability in debt to equity ratio, but the process is very complicated. Instead, it is recommended that Adjusted Present Value (APV) method be used in such circumstances (Koller, 2010). Some of the real world problems faced while valuing companies could be summarised as below: Company financial statements provide only historical data while DCF method requires future projections of FCF and WACC. It is not easy to obtain forecasts beyond a few years Assuming WACC to be constant throughout is not realistic and can skew the results Significant changes in debt to equity ratio can make cash flow based valuation a very difficult exercise According to Jacobs and Shivdasani (2012. p.119-124), the following are some specific practical issues identified in a survey conducted by Association for Finance Professionals (AFP): Forecast horizon varies significantly among the practitioners (5-15 years) While cost of equity (required to calculate WACC) is estimated using Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) by most respondents, the definitions of factors used in this method, viz., risk free rate, market premium and beta varied significantly (eg. beta period from 1-5 years). Similarly, inconsistent definitions of cost of debt (required for WACC calculation) were reported to be used by the respondents Nearly 50% of the respondents of a survey conducted by Association of Finance Professionals (AFP) admitted that the discount rate (WACC) they use is likely to be 1% more or less than the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s true rate. This becomes a key issue in valuation as it has been shown that a 1% drop in the cost of capital could influence the US companies to invest an additional $150 billion over three years. Over half of the respondents have using book value of equity instead of market value to calculate debt to equity ratio (required for WACC). But in real life the difference can be 10 fold (eg. IBM, Delta Airlines) resulting in WACC to be underestimated by about 2-3%. Valuation of Non-Operating Assets Enterprise value is obtained by adding the value of non-operating assets to the operating value. Non-operating assets include non-consolidated subsidiaries, excess cash, tradable securities and customer financing arms. Net income from non-consolidated subsidiaries cannot be included in the free cash flows to calculate value as it will distort the margins due to the fact that the corresponding revenues are not recognised in this calculation. Therefore, they must be valued separately. A practical difficulty in this process is the level of accuracy in estimating the value of non-consolidated subsidiaries due to the fact that it depends on how much other companies owing these subsidiaries disclose the required information (Koller, 2010). Identifying and Valuing Non-equity Claims In order to obtain equity value, the value of non-equity claims (such as interest bearing debt, unfunded pensions, capitalised operating leases and employee stock options) must be subtracted from the enterprise value. Due to increasingly complex financial markets, it is very difficult to identify certain non-equity claims such as Special Investment Vehicles (SIV) in real life, since SIVs are registered as separate legal entities and the originating banks are not contractually responsible for the debt. References Baghai, M., Smit, S., and Viguerie, P . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Is Your Growth Strategy Flying Blind?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Harvard Business Review, May 2009. Davies, A. and Nudelman, M. Heres How Teslas Model S Compares To Other Top Electric Cars, Business Inisder. Available from: https://www.businessinsider.com/electric-car-comparison-chart-2013-8) [Accessed 01 March 2014]. Dranikoff, L., Koller, T. and Schneider, A. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Divestiture: Strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Missing Linkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Harvard Business Review, May 2002 Forbes, 2014. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Most Valuable Brandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/powerful-brands/list/ [Accessed 03 March 2014]. Frommer D., 2010. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"CHART OF THE DAY: The iPad Is Already Bigger Than The iPod And Half As Big As The Mac. Available from https://www.businessinsider.com/chart-of-the-day-ipad-ipod-mac-2010-7 [Accessed 03 March 2014]. George, M. and Wilson, S., 2004. Conquering Complexity In Your Business. 1st ed. London: McGraw-Hill. George, M., 2003. Lean Six Sigma for Service. 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Grullion, G. and Michaely, R., 2002. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Dividends, Share Repurchases, and the Substitution Hypothesisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Journal of Finance, Vol LVII, No.4. Jacobs, M. and Shivdasani, A. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Do You Know Your Cost Of Capital?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Harvard Business Review, July-Aug 2012, p.119-124. Koller, T., Goedhart, M. and Wessels, D., 2010. Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies. 5th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley.

A Modest Proposal Essay - 2330 Words

Have You Eaten Yet?: Swift’s Final Solution amp;#9;As a lately favored eighteenth century essay, Jonathan Swift’s amp;quot;Proposalamp;quot; has been canonized as a satirical model of wit. As will be discussed shortly, Swift’s essay is often seen as an allegory for England’s oppression of Ireland. Swift, himself and Irishman (Tucker 142), would seem to have pointed his razor wit against the foreign nation responsible for his city’s ruin. Wearing the lens of a New Historicist, however, requires that we reexamine the power structures at work in Swift’s society. We must delve into not only Swift’s amp;quot;Proposal,amp;quot; but also into other of his correspondence, and even into discourse of the epoch in order to gain a thick†¦show more content†¦There are major impediments to this approach. amp;#9;The Proposer is amp;quot;clearly in Ireland, addressing an Irish audience with an account of circumstances which are as real as they are horrible.amp;quot; (Rosenheim 204) England’s consumption of Ireland is mentioned expressly, but in a single clause which certainly does not inform but transiently exploits the great central conceit at work in the amp;quot;Proposalamp;quot;: amp;quot;†¦although I could perhaps name a country that would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it [preserving the flesh of the infant carcasses].amp;quot; (Swift) The structure and progress of the Proposer’s argument, both as a whole and in it particulars, seem in no way derived from any analogical or allegorical perception. Rather, at least some of Swift’s irony, if not the largest portion thereof, is directed at Ireland, not England. amp;#9;The proposer states that amp;quot;Infants flesh will be in season throughout the year†¦amp;quot; and that a large quantity of infant flesh will be consumed. He indicates that cooks will vie with each other in preparing new dishes of this food which is amp;quot;a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food.amp;quot; (Swift) The proposer next exhausts theShow MoreRelatedModest Proposal1066 Words   |  5 PagesA Modest Proposal was a satirical essay written by Jonathan Swift depicting the horrific conditions of Ireland and the lives of the Irish people in 1729. Swift writes the satire disguised as a social planner of the time who as Swift satirizes were known to be overly rational rather than compassionate. The author portrays and attacks the cruel and unjust oppression of Ireland by its oppressor, the mighty English and ridicules the Irish people at the same time. 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Swift develops his argument on two levels: A seemingly intellectual persona, caricaturized on a stereotypicalRead MoreAnalysis of A Modest Proposal873 Words   |  4 Pages Jonathan Swift, the writer of the satirical essay A Modest Proposal, grew up and lived in Ireland during times of famine and economic struggles (Conditions). Growing up with a single mother and no father, Swift knew what hard times and struggles were like (Jonathan Swift: Biography). His essay proposes an easy solution to the economic problems going on in Ireland for both the wealthy ruling classes and the poorer classes, although his intention s and the meaning behind his words are not what wouldRead MoreSatire In A Modest Proposal2026 Words   |  9 Pagesand no one else had anything to do with it. This was a common theme centuries ago, and it still a common theme today, though which particular characterizes makes someone privileged continues to change over time. In Jonathan Swift’s essay â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† Swift uses the elements of satire to ridicule Irish oppressors, specifically the Catholics and the rich. LITERARY ANALYSIS One of the most commonly used elements of satire is irony, which Swift uses freely to show the monetary and religiousRead MoreSummary Of A Modest Proposal 1304 Words   |  6 Pageseconomical problems such as poverty and overpopulation. Throughout Swifts writing we are able to recognize many things such as his purpose for writing â€Å"A Modest Proposal† and how it’s achieved, the form of emotional and logical appeal he uses to draw in his readers, along with his strongest and weakest elements in his text. Although Swift proposes his modest idea of selling children into the meat market, that is not his real solution, it is simply an idea that he proposes to get his point across that ifRead MoreJonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal949 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift takes place in Dublin Ireland in the 18th century. The narrator is a very ironic character. His â€Å"modest† proposal is anything but modest. This short story takes place during a famine. Since there was a famine, Swift proposes the idea that people sell their one year old children to the rich so they would not be a burden to their family. One important way in which the author engages the audience’s attention and tries to help his readers see deeper politicalRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift860 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I was informed to read â€Å"A Modest Proposal† by Jonathan Swift as an assignment for creating annotated bibliographies, I began to develop an interest on how Swift came about the matter of his request into rebuilding Ireland s economy and way of life. I believed that Swift added cannibalizing children to the subject matter to give his proposal a more profound and eye-opening effect, but my readings further piqued my interests on the topic. As a result, I researched Jonathan Swift’s motives andRead MoreSatire Modest Proposal Essay837 Words   |  4 Pagesupon deaf ears and change can be slow or non-existent. However some social commentators, such as Jonathan Swift in his pamphlet A Modest Proposal, use clever, targeted, and ironic criticism to bring the social state of Ireland to the attention of indolent aristocrats. He accomplishes such criticism through satire, specifically Juvenanlian satire. Swift’s A Modest Proposal stands as a perfect example of the type of satire that plays upon the audience’s emotion by creating anger concerning the indifference

Delhi’s Air Free Essays

Clean air and healthy environment is a pre-requisite for well being of people. In the modernising world, urban expansion and industrialisation has been a rapid process. With industrial expansion and rapid urbanisation, clean air in cities has become rare phenomena. We will write a custom essay sample on Delhi’s Air or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though, Air Pollution has increasingly become an environmental health hazard over the years in India and the World. The exposure to air pollution has put people at Risk of several kinds, of which health risk is the most prominent one. According to a report by World Health Organisation (WHO) on an estimate 7 million people die each year prematurely as a result of air pollution throughout the globe. Meanwhile the world in present times desires to achieve Sustainability, Delhi’s unsustainable and deteriorating air quality is put under the scanner time and again. India is a signatory to the Sustainable Development Goals. The Goal three which calls to promote good health and well-being has targets directly linking to air pollution and health risk; and Goal eleven is about making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe and resilient wherein a specific target is being listed for reducing environmental impacts of cities which include reduction of levels of particulate matter in air as well. Air Pollution in India has become an issue of national importance. Many urban and rural spaces to some extent in India have highly deteriorated air quality. Delhi, being India’s capital is top in the red list. Delhi has also been consistently part of Central Pollution Control Board’s list of Non-attainment cities list with respect to ambient air pollution. This paper is based upon the research conducted upon Delhi’s case of air pollution. Delhi is a union territory and a sub-state, the federal complexities of risk governance of air pollution here has become a tedious task. Since there’s an underlined interface between the public health concern and governance of this health risk. Risk management here is of immense importance and hence governance comes into the picture through governance has become significant for this study. Air pollution in Delhi is not a contemporary cause of concern but has been now deliberated for long by various agencies. Time and again various policy initiatives have been introduced by different governments and authorities to save the Delhi’s Air. This paper through its different sections tries to trace the evolution and structure of this governance process and analyses’ the same. Towards the end, various issues of concern for the air pollution governance in Delhi have been identified and few suggestions have been chalked. How to cite Delhi’s Air, Papers

Social Science Research Methods for Longitudinal - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSocial Science Research Methods for Longitudinal Research. Answer: A longitudinal research is where a researcher studies a sample of the targeted population over a long period of time so as to make inferences about their behavior. It is in this light, that understanding an individuals retirement behavior is necessary. For instance, as one approaches the retirement age, there are those who decide to undertake interim jobs prior to their complete withdrawal from the labor market. Thus, a longitudinal research comes in handy to understand the reason behind this. A suitable longitudinal research question that would address this behavior is Why are many employed individuals taking on interim jobs before their complete withdrawal from the labor market? Trochim (2006) argues that before articulating any research process, especially in social sciences, there is need to formulate and develop a feasible research design. A research design aids in developing logical reasoning that will help in addressing the research problem (Gorard, 2013). According to Vogt, Dianna and Lynne (2012), it is important for one to derive a research design that has reference to the research question at hand. In reference to individuals behavior of undertaking interim jobs prior to retirement, a cohort research design comes in handy in understanding the reasoning behind it. Through this design, aids in making use of the quantitative framework that is inclusive of the statistical data that makes the individuals under observation be united either by similar traits or behaviors. Additionally, in reference to the research question that seeks to understand the behavior of individuals nearing the retirement age, this design becomes feasible as it involves conducting a research over a period of time. Inclusively, it also involves using a sample of the population in different time periods thus making it a preferable one in the case of longitudinal research. Cohort design is flexible and can include the use of data either primary or secondary data thus providing deeper insights to the research question over time (Healy Devane, 2011). A longitudinal research design can also be used to answer the research question. This is because it involves the observing the same population over time and involving different samples when making the repeated observations (Singer Willet, 2003; Vandenberg, Ployhart, 2010). Approaches to Social Research There are various approaches that can be applied in social research. Among these, is the positivist approach. This approach uses the deductive approach where the researcher is required to focus on available facts (Crowther and Lancaster, 2008). A positivist approach is bound by the fact that the researcher should be independent and that the research should objective. It is arguable that older workers who choose to remain economically active tend to face problems finding work. Researchers who apply the positivist approach, are more likely to investigate this phenomenon by observing it rather than trying to explain the phenomenon (Wilson, 2010). To do this, they have to identify their target population firstly, then derive a sample which they will observe throughout the study. Additionally, they are supposed to be independent meaning they can not to have any relationship with the sample chosen. This is to ensure that the findings in their research are objective and applicable. The researchers have to understand the problem from the general view similar to the one the world has then develop the most efficient methods to gather information. This can be through administering questionnaires in addition to observing the sample population. Knusten and Jonathan (2012) provide that positivist can conduct experiments as they can determine the causality of t hese issues and at the same time acquire necessary and additional information. A positivist approach by researchers is more likely to include the use of questionnaires, surveys, and available statistics (MacKinnon, 2007). This is because they are believed to offer reliable and representative data that will guide the research to conduct and analyze the identified findings. The positivist approach is a good one as it reduces the opportunity for prejudice associated with other approaches. It gives the observer a chance to have a clear mind as they have an independent thinking. In this way, they will be able to make inferences on the reason as to the theory of older workers facing problems when searching for work. According to Monette, Sullivan, and DeJong (2010), as the positivist approach encourages a researcher to use the quantitative method of data collection and analysis, it allows them to get in-depth information that explains the stated phenomena. This makes their research to be quantifiable, objective and applicable to the general public. Survey Research When conducting research on behalf of National Silver Academy (NSA) on how learning experiences can be improved upon, the following survey questions can be applicable: (1) How do you find the learning experience? (2)What areas are you satisfied within the attaining the education? (3)What areas do you feel can use improvement? (4) What are some of your suggestions on improvements that you recommend to ensure the education received is of great quality? (5)What are other critical areas do you believe should be included in the learning process? These survey questions are crucial in conducting the research due to the fact that they are open-ended thus allowing the respondents to give clear and detailed responses. This also makes the answers giving be valid fable and reliable. This is because the researcher will attain deeper information on the topic as the details are in plenty. To ensure the validity and reliability of the research, the survey questions are directly related to the question in hand. The NSA wants to evaluate how the learning experience of the students can be improved upon. The survey questions help the researcher to gather first-hand information from the sample and make inferences based on what he gathers. This will make the findings valid and reliable as what is collected is directly from the source. It is in this light that the questions attempt to identify what is comfortable to the students, what is not comfortable, propose ways to make their learning experience comfortable as well as identifying new add itional features that would help improve their experience thereby providing conclusive findings that will answer the research question. Using a survey, in this case, is beneficial as it provides precise results and is highly representative as the population is large. Additionally, it is convenient for gathering data and has good statistical significance. A possible drawback of using survey, in this case, can be the inflexibility of the technique as the administration right up to a collection of data cannot be changed. Conclusion When conducting a research on social science, it is important for one to ensure that they have formulated the right research question that will address the issue or problem. Consequently, the research design developed should be relative and applicable to the research question formulated. To acquire the best information as well as knowledge on a particular issue, it is advisable for a researcher to use the right approach especially a positivist one to describe and engage the issue. References Crowther, D. Lancaster, G. (2008). Research Methods: A Concise Introduction to Research in Management and Business Consultancy. Butterworth- Heinemann. Gorard, S. (2013). Research Design: Creating Robust Approaches for the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks. CA, Sage. Healy, P. Devane, D. (2011). Methodological Considerations in Cohort Study Designs. Nurse Researcher 18, pp. 32-36. Knusten, T. L., Jonathan, M. W (2012). Ways of Knowing: Competing Methodologies in Social and Political Research. 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave. MacKinnon, D. P. (2007). Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Monette, D. R., Sullivan, J. T., DeJong, C. R (2010). Applied Social Research: A Tool For The Human Services, 8th Ed. Brooks/Cole. Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 7th Edition. Pearson Education Limited: UK. Singer, J. D., Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press Trochim, W. M. K. (2006). Research Knowledge Base. Wilson, J. (2010). Essentials of Business Research: A Guide to Doing Your Research Project. Sage Publications. Vandenberg, J. R, Ployhart, E. R. (2010). Longitudinal Research: The Theory, Design and Analysis of Change. Journal of Management 36 pp. 94-120. Vogt, W. P., Dianna, C.G, Lynne, M.H. (2012). When to Use What Research Design. New York: Guilford.

The Cherokee Removal free essay sample

They had their own gender roles and religion; even eating food had a different definition than the white mans culture. They had equality between genders, and other members of the tribe had equal rights to talk. But still white people called them savage or uncivilized for political reasons and not just because they were completely barbaric. In this society, task division can be Seen between genders. For example, women Would farm and men would hunt. There was a townhouse where men and women would gather, it was a palace for debating and talking about important issues, and conduct ceremonies. The leader of the society was with one whom people would respect and follow him, rather than just a person who has born to office (p. 3). There were reasons that white men considered Native Americans uncivilized. Cherokees or Native Americans were people who would live as a tribe, they had a leader and they would share the land that they were using for hunting. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cherokee Removal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were some laws and organizations. They had men who would fight and women who would farm and take care of the rest of the family. Their cloth was different than white peoples they wouldnt cook their meat, they werent Christian, and they didnt have any education. They believed it was up to them to keep everything around them in balance and when one of them was killed they thought it was their responsibility to telltale their death. Also, they believed men balanced women and hunting balanced farming.They also didnt have any priority laws. By the end of asses relations between Americans and Native Americans changed. Since neither the united States nor Native Americans would give up their goals, the government of United States figured that to win Native Americans and get all they wanted, government needed to spend lots of money and time. The united States tried to figure out a peaceful way to communicate with Native Americans. The new workable system fell to President George Washingtons first Secretary of War Henry Knox (p. 0).Henry Knox brought a new relation between Americans and Native Americans. Knox and Washington believed that the uncivilized Indian life was based on them not knowing better. On the other hand, their inferiority was cultural not racial (p. 1 1). In 1 791 they announced the Cherokees may be led to a greater civilized society instead of remaining hunters. So women started to weave cloth, these Cherokee planters became rich, and the first law established in 1 808 was about preventing the theft horses, also Cherokees invented a system for writing the Cherokee language.The Indian Removal policy started by Andrew Jackson ND passed in 1830. In 1 sass the Georgia legislature planed a lottery system, that was system of land distribution and qualifying citizens could register for a chance to win these lands. United States could not force tribal leaders to sell their lands and many of leaders refused to sell their lands. However, in asses Resolution of Georgia General Assembly declared that under constitution, the federal government had no power in dealing with the Cherokees except regulate commerce. (p. 74). Thus if the United States failed to obtain the Cherokee Nation for Georgia under the Compact of 1 802, the state could simply take their lands. Even though Supreme Court voted in favor of Cherokees about the Cherokee Nation and Georgia, but Georgia refused to follow the Supreme Courts order. Jackson believed that civilizing Indians and settling them down caused us the loss of the opportunity to purchase their land. One of the important reasons of people like Jackson for supporting the idea of the Act of Removal was the United States discovered gold in their lands.The United States figured out in order to expand the cotton economy they needed more fertile lands, and the lands that Native Americans had were one of the most fertile lands. Also Lewis Case the governor of the Michigan territory was against the civilization program because he blamed the character and temperament of the Native Americans (p. 1 15). Following the Removal Act, Catherine Beechen stood for American women standing up against Cherokee Removal at the time when women had few political openings. She wrote a widely distributed circular in which she called on women to petition congress to defeat the impending Indian Removal Act (p. 1 11). Many of the Cherokees were against the Act of Removal, but there was no agreement among them just like American society. Many of the Native American women was outside of political argument they used to farm and take care of their families but the Removal Act provided an opportunity for Cherokee women to talk out to the Cherokee National Council.They believed it is their duty as mothers to guide their chiefs, they believed that they have grown up in the land that god gave them and they didnt like to be removed to another country and this would be like destroying your mothers (p. 1 32) mothers or Cherokee women believed that the Removal Act would destroy everything they have, The force to go west increased in the sass but few Cherokees agreed to move beyond Mississippi and under terms of Treaty of New Echoed, the Cherokees had to move in two years but most Cherokees resisted to move. The deadline approached and only two thousand Cherokees moved west. The Trail of Tears was from removing Indians from their land and moving them west by force. About three thousands of them were divided in to three groups in the last group, Lewis Ross brother of John Ross, was in charge of providing transportation tolls for roads, blankets in roads. The final group arrived in late March. About Houston of Cherokees died in the middle of the trial because the removal was very long and the weather was unconditional (p. 68). As they finally were forced to leave their land, despite losing their home, and losing many families in the middle of eight hundred mile even though moving out from their home land was meant to them as destroying everything they have. But still these people showed their capability of coping with harsh situations. As it is obvious they didnt get any stronger. Nowadays, they are not famous unfortunately as it goes these people will get more Americanizes and will forget more about their past. The Cherokee Removal free essay sample President Andrew Jackson and the passing of the Indian Removal Act of 1 830, the Cherokee people could have easily integrated into American society. The Cherokee people incorporated many Of the Anglo-American ways in order to become civilized and assimilate into American society. They converted from a hunter and gathering society into an agrarian society by clearing parcels of land for farming. Farming became their primary means of food. John Ridge, a prominent Cherokee, stated, Here is not to my knowledge a solitary Cherokee to be found that depends upon the chase for pubescence and every head of a family has his house farm (Trail of Tears). A few of the wealthier Cherokee, usually half-breeds, owned larger tracks of land. Some even owned slaves in which to raise cotton to be sold at market for a profit. In addition to becoming farmers, the Cherokee people structured their own way of governing. The Cherokee formed a system of government structured similar to that of the United States government. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cherokee Removal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were legislative, judicial and executive branches that establish laws, which were written in English and enforced by a court of justice, sheriffs, marshals, and unstable within each district (Trail of Tears). The Cherokee people even adopted their own constitution and declared themselves a sovereign and independent nation (The Removal Cases). In addition to adopting a constitution, they also adopted Christianity. Any superstitions of the past where dissipated by the embracing of the Christian faith.Churches were established and [Oho influence of Religion on the life of the Indians is powerful lasting. (Trail of Tears). In addition to adopting a constitution and embracing the Christian faith, education became an important aspect of the Cherokees life. Education of the tribe was on the up rise. John Ridge stated in this letter to Albert Gallatin that, There are about 13 schools established by missionaries in the Nation and may contain 250 students. . .. Besides this, some of our most respectable people have their children educated at academies in adjoining states (Trail of Tears).For the tribe members who did not know the English language, a written Cherokee language was invented so they may be educated also. TO further educate tribe members, the Cherokee nation acquired a printing press and established their own newspaper. In addition to the newspaper, a society was established called the Moral tertiary Society of the Cherokee Nation (Trail of Tears). With all the opportunities for education, the Cherokee people had become civilized and were integrating into American society, yet there were still those who wanted them removed. With the discovery of gold in Georgia in 1828, a state that contained a large part of the Cherokee Nation, more and more Georgia citizens were demanding the Cherokees removal. Many believed the Indians were unable to become civilized. Senator Lewis Sacs of Michigan stated fore Congress that, Existing for two centuries in contact with a civilized people, they have resisted, and successfully too, every effort to meliorate their situation, or to introduce among them the most common arts of life. .. There must then be an inherent difficulty, arising from the institutions, character, and condition of the Indians themselves (Trail of Tears). When questioned about the civilized Cherokees his response was, And we have as little doubt, that this change of opinion and condition is confined, in a great measure, to some of the half-breeds and their immediate connections. These are not sufficiently numerous to affect our general proposition (Trail of Tears).Yet, the Cherokee proved they were civilized with the incorporation Of farms, schools, churches, and a constitution. Georgia looked to the U. S. Constitution and President Andrew Jackson for a means to remove the Cherokee from their land. Departing from earlier views of how to handle the Indians, Andrew Jackson, who was raised on the frontier with a dislike for Indians (Borer 253), was more than willing to help Georgia in its cause to remove the Cherokee.He viewed Georgia as a sovereign state within the United States and according to the U. S. Constitution; no other sovereign nation could exist within its boundaries. He advised the Cherokee to disassemble their government and emigrate beyond the Mississippi or submit to the laws of those States [in which they resided] (Trail of Tears). Jackson believed that is would be in the best interest Of the United States and the Indians to relocate west of the Mississippi. In his Annual Message to Congress on December 8, 1829, he states: Surrounded by the whites with their arts of civilization, which by destroying the resources of the savage mom him to weakness and decay, the fate of the Meghan, the Narragansett, and the Delaware is fast over-taking the Choctaw, the Cherokee, and the Creek. That this fate surely awaits them if they remain within the limits of the States does not admit of a doubt. Humanity and national honor demand that every effort should be made to avert so great a calamity.It is too late to inquire whether it was just in the United States to include them and their territory within the bounds of new States, whose limits they could control. (Trail of Tears) In order to remove the Cherokee from their home lands, President Jackson ensured that passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This Act entitled the U. S. Government to exchange public lands in the West for Indian territories in the East and appropriated $500,000 to cover the expenses of removal (Borer 254). Even though the Cherokee were a civilized people, under the Removal Act, the Cherokee Nation had no choice but to disband.The Cherokee were forced by federal troops to migrate west between October 1 838 and March 1 839 to the Oklahoma territory. This exodus became one of the most horrific journeys in American history. An estimated ,000 Cherokee perished on what became to be known as the Trail of Tears (Anderson, Wetware, Bell Our nation, which fought for the right of freedom from tyranny, stripped civilized human beings from their homes and forced them into oppression all on the premises it would be in the best interest for the Indians to relocate so as not to become extinct.In actuality, the true reason forcing the Cherokee off their home lands was the greed for the land and gold. Chief John Ross of the Cherokee nation, who was s o influential in civilizing the tribe, was comment as saying, We are stripped of every attribute f freedom and eligibility for legal self-defense. We are denationalization; we are disfranchised. We are deprived of membership in the human family! (Trail of Tears) A people that could have become a prosperous and productive part of society were now forced into poverty.In spite of all the Cherokee people have been through, the North Carolina band has contributed greatly to todays society. The Eastern band of the Cherokee has contributed to the economy of the Western North Carolina Great Smoky Mountains by teaching their culture through museums, story telling and craft sells. With the opening of the Hurrah Casino, tourism has increased considerably which contribute to the economy of not only the tribe but also the surrounding counties.

Essay Sample About John White and Roanoke

Essay Sample About John White and RoanokeYou can find a wide variety of middle school essay samples about John White and Roanoke. There are quite a few of them that you can pick up. What they are, the different types of resources that you will get for writing an essay and the value that it will have for your career.The first thing that you need to understand is that these essays are not an easy write. The subject matter that this subject matter is in will make it a little more difficult for you to get out. Also the fact that John White's characters are well developed is important. The people who are seen on the screen do go through some personal hardships that are relatable.Middle school essay samples about John White and Roanoke will give you an insight into what it is like to be a teenager. You can see what you are doing right and wrong because you will be a part of what you are doing. It is a lot like the movies but with a different perspective.These Middle School Essay samples ab out John White and Roanoke will help you think about some of the things that will come in your life. There are many things that will come into your life that you are not ready for. You will not be ready for some of the challenges that you will face and you will not be ready for everything that you will be faced with. This will be something that you have to do before you have a chance to find out who you are.You will also find that these essay samples about John White and Roanoke are going to give you some thoughts on what it means to be human. There are some things that will be impossible to do without putting the human element into it. You will realize that you have to do your best and you are going to make mistakes along the way. This can be a wonderful experience that you will never forget.If you have some friends who are good writers then you can go out and read some of their middle school essay samples about John White and Roanoke. They are going to give you a lot of valuable i nformation that you can use. You can begin by finding the one that will work best for you.These are some of the things that you will learn about the Middle School Essay samples about John White and Roanoke. The thing that you need to know is that it will be an excellent experience for you. It is going to get you prepared for the real world and it is going to give you a foundation that will help you to go out and make some money.

5 Ways to Avoid The Stress of Social Media Overload - BestEssay.Education

5 Ways to Avoid The Stress of Social Media Overload 5 Ways to Avoid The Stress of Social Media Overload Study...previous generation that supposedly loved each other more and did a better job of having relationships with one another because they didnt have Facebook/Smart phones or that crazy rock and roll music... Let's be honest, you are on social media all of the time. That is not going to change. You've seen all of the memes and Facebook posts lamenting some previous generation that supposedly loved each other more and did a better job of having relationships with one another because they didn't have Facebook/Smart phones or that crazy rock and roll music, and you've rolled your eyes along with the rest of us. This doesn't mean that social media involvement doesn't come with a potential cost. Social media overload can cause stress, sleeplessness, and it can cause you to change your online behaviors in certain ways. One way that this happens is that you become too eager to receive likes and shares on your social media posts, especially those that highlight your physical attributes. Social media overload can also impact relationships and grades. This is too bad, because social media can be such a positive part of life where we can connect with people, play games, and share our stories and pho tographs. It is sad that it turns into such a negative for some people. Fortunately, there are 5 ways to avoid the stress and other negative impacts of social media overload. 1. Cut Out The Toxic People and Conflicts Poisoning Your Feed Nobody is perfect. However, there are people and entities on your social media feed who contribute nothing but negativity. Remember that there is a difference between somebody who adds a bit of naughty, gossipy fun to your news feed, and somebody who just starts trouble and seeks attention. The difficult part of this process is that you may end up cutting off people you truly care about. Just remember that you have intermediate options such as hiding somebody from your wall temporarily. This gives you reprieve from negativity while still leaving the opportunity for continuing friendships open. 2. Shut Off Your Notifications on Your Smart Phone There is absolutely no need to interrupt some activity of yours to pay heed to some social media message. What could create more social media overload than being tethered to your social media account. If you do this, you also take yourself away from temporary social media drama. It will also be amazingly freeing once you become the one who is in control of when and how you receive notifications. Give it a try for 24 hours and you will be amazed at how much happier you are. 3. Take Quiet Breaks From Social Media When You Need to Disengage You've heard it before. Step back. Don't engage. Take a break. You should follow this advice. Social media breaks are a great way to focus on other things, take yourself away from drama, and rethink   your social media presence. If you do decide to take a break, please consider doing so quietly. If you are tempted to leave social media in the midst of a conflict, and feel the need to announce it publicly, the result will be the creation of more drama. 4. Outside Every Single Day A brief foray into nature could be just what you need to understand and put the pressures of social media into proper perspective. Whatever you do, you will come back to your desktop with a renewed sense of interest and a fresh perspective. Do this on a regular basis, and you will become almost immune to the effects of social media overload. You will also establish a pattern with other social media users that you can and will leave social media when it interferes with your daily activities. 5. Make Human Contact a Daily Priority There is nothing like real life, human contact to offset the impact of social media overload. It serves as a great reminder that there are human beings behind screen names, and that there is often more going on in people's lives than what they present on social media. Also, no matter how much contact we have with people through social media, we still need real life interaction with one another. These are just 5 possible suggestions to help you keep social media from becoming too important of a presence in your life. You can probably think of several other strategies in addition to these. The point in general is that social media is a great thing, but it can become too important. It can also be a medium for toxicity and nastiness if you allow it to become that. What do you think? Have you struggled with problems caused by social media overload? How did you handle the situation, and what advice would you give to others? Which items would you add or remove from our list? Leave a comment to let us know, or drop us a line. We are always interested in hearing what you think.